Multimedia Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Syed Mahbubur Rahman Minnesota State University, Mankato, USA Volume I InformatIon ScIence reference Hershey • New York Acquisitions Editor: Kristin Klinger Development Editor: Kristin Roth Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig Managing Editor: Jamie Snavely Typesetter: Michael Brehm, Jeff Ash, Carole Coulson, Elizabeth Duke, Chris Hrobak, Sean Woznicki Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc. Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2008 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Multimedia technologies : concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications / Syed Mahbubur Rahman, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "This book offers an in-depth explanation of multimedia technologies within their many specific application areas as well as presenting developing trends for the future"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-59904-953-3 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-59904-954-0 (ebook) 1. Multimedia systems. 2. Multimedia communications. I. Syed, Mahbubur Rahman, 1952- QA76.575.M5218 2008 006.7--dc22 2008021157 If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication. Editor-in-Chief Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, DBA Editor-in-Chief Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology, Book Series Associate Editors Steve Clarke University of Hull, UK Murray E. Jennex San Diego State University, USA Annie Becker Florida Institute of Technology USA Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko University of Tampere, Finland Editorial Advisory Board Sherif Kamel American University in Cairo, Egypt In Lee Western Illinois University, USA Jerzy Kisielnicki Warsaw University, Poland Keng Siau University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Amar Gupta Arizona University, USA Craig van Slyke University of Central Florida, USA John Wang Montclair State University, USA Vishanth Weerakkody Brunel University, UK Additional Research Collections found in the “Contemporary Research in Information Science and Technology” Book Series Data Mining and Warehousing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications John Wang, Montclair University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-951-9 Electronic Commerce: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications S. Ann Becker, Florida Institute of Technology, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-943-4 Electronic Government: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-947-2 End-User Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Steve Clarke, University of Hull, UK • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-945-8 Global Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Felix Tan, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-939-7 Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Craig Van Slyke, University of Central Florida, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-949-6 Information Security and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Hamid Nemati, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-937-3 Intelligent Information Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Vijayan Sugumaran, Oakland University, USA • 4-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-941-0 Knowledge Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Murray E. Jennex, San Diego State University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-933-5 Multimedia Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Syad Mahbubur Rahman, Minnesota State University, USA • 3-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-953-3 Online and Distance Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Lawrence Tomei, Robert Morris University, USA • 6-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-935-9 Virtual Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland • 3-volume set • ISBN 978-1-59904-955-7 Free institution-wide online access with the purchase of a print collection! InformatIon ScIence reference Hershey • New York Order online at www.igi-global.com or call 717-533-8845 ext.10 Mon–Fri 8:30am–5:00 pm (est) or fax 24 hours a day 717-533-8661 List of Contributors Acevedo, Andrés Garay / Georgetown University, USA ..................................................................731 Agnew, Palmer W. / State University of New York at Binghamton, USA ..............................................1 Ahmad, Ashraf / National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan ..............................................................634 Ahn, Kyungmo / Kyunghee University, Korea ..................................................................................164 Alkhalifa, Eshaa M. / University of Bahrain, Bahrain ...........................................................465, 1209 Ally, Mohamed / Athabasca University, Canada ..............................................................................607 Almeida, Hyggo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil ...........................................472, 654 Altman, Edward / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore .....................................................1113 Andres, Hayward P. / Portland State University, USA ...................................................................1233 Angelides, Marios C. / Brunel University, UK ............................................................................85, 233 Aref, Walid / Purdue University, USA ...............................................................................................509 Arya, Ali / University of British Columbia, Canada ..........................................................................958 Atiquzzaman, Mohammed / University of Oklahoma, USA ............................................................615 Baek, Seung / Hanyang University, Korea ......................................................................................1377 Balram, Shivanand / Simon Fraser University, Canada ................................................................1193 Banerji, Ashok / Monisha Electronic Education Trust, India .........................................................1078 Bardají, Antonio Valdovinos / University of Zaragoza, Spain .........................................................478 Bellini, Pierfrancesco / University of Florence, Italy ......................................................................1683 Bertolotto, Michela / University College Dublin, Ireland ..............................................................1125 Bione, Heather / The University of Melbourne, Australia.................................................................398 Boll, Susanne / University of Oldenburg, Germany ..........................................................................325 Bouras, Christos / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece ....................................................................................500, 1781 Breiteneder, Christian / Vienna University of Technology, Austria ...............................................1600 Butcher-Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA ..........................1069 Canalda, Philippe / University of Franche-Comté, France ............................................................1766 Cannell, Jeremy C. / Gannon University, USA ...............................................................................1105 Carvalho, Paulo / Universidade do Minho Braga, Portugal ..........................................................1409 Cavallaro, Andrea / Queen Mary University of London, UK ...............................................1441, 1592 Charlet, Damien / INRIA-Rocquencourt (ARLES Project), France ................................................1766 Chatonnay, Pascal / University of Franche-Comté, France ...........................................................1766 Chen, Herng-Yow / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC .........................................1058, 1174 Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA .......................................................................77 Chen, Minya / Polytechnic University, USA .....................................................................................291 Chen, Sherry Y. / Brunel University, UK ........................................................................................1476 Chen, Shu-Ching / Florida International University, USA.....................................................509, 1553 Chetan, Kumar S. / NetDevices India Pvt Ltd, India ......................................................................1399 Chung, Jen-Yao / IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, USA ...............................................................559 Cirrincione, Armando / SDA Bocconi School of Management, Italy .................................................35 Connaughton, Stacey L. / Purdue University, USA ........................................................................1295 Cranley, Nicola / University College Dublin, Ireland .....................................................................1491 Cruz, Isabel F. / University of Illinois, Chicago, USA ......................................................................848 Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, Ireland ...................................................................................590 Dagdilelis, Vassilios / University of Macedonia, Greece ...................................................................898 Dagiuklas, Tasos / Technical Institute of Messolonghi, Greece ........................................................827 Davis, Craig / The Learning Community Group, USA ....................................................................1286 de Gouveia, Fabricio Carvalho / Technical University of Berlin, Germany ..................................1789 Deb, Sagarmay / University of Southern Queensland, Australia ......................................................268 Deltour, Romain / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France ................................................................................705 Derballa, Volker / Universität Augsburg, Germany ........................................................................1334 Deusdado, Sérgio / Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal ...................................................1409 DiMarco, John / Long Island University, USA....................................................................................41 Dittmann, Jana / Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany ..........................................547 Dong, Chaoyan / New York University, USA ...................................................................................1248 Dong, Ming / Wayne State University, USA .....................................................................................1366 Dooley, Laurence S. / Monash University, Australia ..........................................................................94 Dragicevic, Suzana / Simon Fraser University, Canada .................................................................1193 El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA................................................................................77 Fah, Cheong Loong / The National University of Singapore, Singapore .........................................527 Fahy, Patrick J. / Athabasca University, Canada ...........................................................................1088 Fotouhi, Farshad / Wayne State University, USA ...........................................................................1366 Gay, Robert / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ..........................................................809 Geisler, S. / University of Clausthal, Germany ..................................................................................223 Germanakos, Panagiotis / National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ......................1616 Ghafoor, Arif / Purdue University, USA ...........................................................................................509 Ghinea, Gheorghita / Brunel University, UK .................................................................................1476 Gjedde, Lisa / Danish University of Education, Denmark ................................................................390 Gkamas, Apostolos / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece ....................................................................................500, 1781 Goose, Stuart / Siemens Corporate Research Inc., USA ...................................................................250 Grahn, Kaj J. / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland .....................................................660 Grover, Akshay / Brigham Young University, USA ........................................................................1344 Gu, Yaolin / Southern Yangtze University, China ..............................................................................809 Guerraz, Agnès / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France .................................................................................705 Gulliver, Stephen R. / Brunel University, UK ................................................................................1262 Gunn, Jane / The University of Melbourne, Australia ......................................................................398 Häkkilä, Jonna / Nokia Multimedia, Finland....................................................................................151 Hamidzadeh, Babak / University of British Columbia, Canada ......................................................958 Hegarty, Kelsey / The University of Melbourne, Australia ...............................................................398 Hentea, Mariana / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA .................................................216 Herbster, Raul Fernandes / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil ..................................472 Hill, Sally Rao / University of Adelaide, Australia ............................................................................194 Huang, Thomas S. / University of Illinois, USA .............................................................................1508 Hung, Jason C. / Northern Taiwan Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan...........................1643 Hurson, Ali R. / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ................................................................580 Hüsemann, Bodo / Informationsfabrik GmbH, Münster, Germany ..................................................864 Ibrahim, Ismail Khalil / Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.................................................634 Iglesias, Álvaro Alesanco / University of Zaragoza, Spain ...............................................................478 Illera, José L. Rodríguez / University of Barcelona, Spain ..............................................................985 Istepanian, Robert S. H. / Kingston University, UK ........................................................................478 Jones, Kevin H. / University of Oregon, USA ...................................................................................721 Joshi, James B. D. / University of Pittsburgh, USA ..........................................................................509 Kalliaras, Panagiotis / National Technical University of Athens, Greece ................................818, 998 Kan, Karen / The University of Melbourne, Australia ......................................................................398 Kao, O. / University of Paderborn, University of Paderborn ............................................................223 Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland .................................................660 Karmakar, Gour C. / Monash University, Australia ..........................................................................94 Kassim, Ashraf / The National University of Singapore, Singapore .................................................527 Kawachi, Paul / Kurume Shin-Ai Women’s College, Japan ............................................................1156 Kellerman, Anne S. / State University of New York at Binghamton, USA ............................................1 Keppell, Mike / Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong ......................................................398 Kerse, Ngaire / University of Auckland, New Zealand ......................................................................398 Kim, Bong Jun / Korea Telecommunications (KT) Marketing Laboratory, Korea .........................1377 King, Ross / Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Austria ..............................................1749 Kiyoki, Yasushi / Keio University, Japan ..........................................................................................279 Klas, Wolfgang / University of Vienna, Austria and ARC Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Vienna, Austria .........................................................................364, 1749 Knight, David / Brunel University, UK ...............................................................................................85 Kotsopoulos, Stavros / University of Patras, Greece ........................................................................827 Koubaa, Hend / Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway .....................116 Koumaras, H. / University of Athens, Greece .................................................................................1392 Kourtis, A. / N.C.S.R., Demokritos, Greece .....................................................................................1392 Krishnamurthy, E.V. / Australian National University, Australia ...................................................976 Larkin, Jeff / Brigham Young University, USA ...............................................................................1344 Lassabe, Frédéric / University of Franche-Comté, France ............................................................1766 Ledermann, Florian / Vienna University of Technology, Austria ...................................................1600 Lesh, Neal / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA ........................................................1508 Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK .................................................................316, 793, 1534 Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .............................................................242, 1643 Li, Sheng-Tun / National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC .....................................................419 Lin, Chu-Hung / National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan ..............................................................419 Lin, Chun Fu / Mississippi State University, USA ..........................................................................1668 Lin, Hao-Tung / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC ........................................................1174 Liotta, Antonio / University of Essex, UK .........................................................................................491 Liu, Jiang-Lung / National Defense University, Taiwan ................................................................1534 Liu, Kuo-Yu / National Chi-Nan University, Taiwan, ROC ............................................................1058 Lopes, Pedro Faria / Higher Institute of Labour and Business Studies (ISCTE), Portugal ...............................................................................................................................914 Lou, Der-Chyuan / National Defense University, Taiwan ..............................................................1534 Lowry, Paul Benjamin / Brigham Young University, USA .............................................................1344 Madsen, Chris / Brigham Young University, USA ..........................................................................1344 Magalhães, João / Imperial College London, UK .............................................................................880 Magedanz, Thomas / Technical University of Berlin, Germany .....................................................1789 Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy ...................................................................................1353 Mäntyjärvi, Jani / VTT Technical Centre of Finland, Finland .........................................................151 Martakos, D. / University of Athens, Greece ...................................................................................1392 Mas, José Ruiz / University of Zaragoza, Spain ................................................................................478 Mathew, Michael / Monash University, Australia ..............................................................................94 May, Michael / LearningLab DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark ............................435 McArdle, Gavin / University College Dublin, Ireland ....................................................................1125 Melliar-Smith, P.M. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA ............................................1326 Memon, Nasir / Polytechnic University, USA ...................................................................................291 Messer, Louise Brearley / The University of Melbourne, Australia .................................................398 Mikáč, Jan / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France .........................................................................................705 Mishra, Sanjaya / Indira Gandhi National Open University, India ...............................................1022 Mitchell, Mathew / University of San Francisco, USA ...................................................................1181 Mittal, Ankush / IIT Roorkee, India and Indian Institute of Technology, India .....................527, 1113 Mittal, Nitin / Nokia Pte Ltd, Singapore ............................................................................................129 Moghaddam, Baback / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA .....................................1508 Monahan, Teresa / University College Dublin, Ireland ..................................................................1125 Morais, Marcos / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil ...................................................472 Moros, José García / University of Zaragoza, Spain ........................................................................478 Moser, L.E. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA ..........................................................1326 Mostéfaoui, Ghita Kouadri / University of Fribourg, Switzerland ................................................1008 Mourlas, Constantinos / National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece .........................1616 Murphy, Liam / University College Dublin, Ireland ......................................................................1491 Murthy, V. K. / University of New South Wales, Australia ...............................................................976 Nascimento, José Luís do / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil ...................................654 Navajas, Julián Fernández / University of Zaragoza, Spain............................................................478 Navarro, Eduardo Antonio Viruete / University of Zaragoza, Spain .............................................478 Nepal, Surya / CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia ..........................................................................305, 1456 Nesi, Paolo / University of Florence, Italy ............................................................................................... Ng, Kia / University of Leeds, UK ............................................................................................................ Nösekabel, Holger / University of Passau, Germany ......................................................................1317 O’Connor, Vivienne / The University of Queensland, Australia ......................................................398 Okazaki, Shintaro / Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain ......................................................1311 Oliva, Michael / Royal College of Music, UK ...................................................................................942 Oredope, Adetola / University of Essex, UK .....................................................................................491 Pagalthivarthi, Krishnan V. / IIT Delhi, India and Indian Institute of Technology, India ......................................................................................................................527, 1113 Pagani, Margherita / I-LAB Centre for Research on the Digital Economy, Bocconi University, Italy ....................................................................................................................182 Pallis, E. / Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece ....................................................1392 Panjala, Shashidhar / Gannon University, USA .............................................................................1105 Papageorgiou, P. / National Technical University of Athens, Greece ...............................................998 Parmar, Minaz J. / Brunel University, UK .......................................................................................233 Passerini, Katia / New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA ...............................................................57 Perkusich, Angelo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil .......................................472, 654 Politis, Ilias / University of Patras, Greece ........................................................................................827 Pousttchi, Key / Universität Augsburg, Germany ...........................................................................1334 Prata, Alcina / Higher School of Management Sciences (ESCE), Portugal .....................................914 Primpas, Dimitris / University of Patras, Greece and Research Academic ComputerTechnology Institute, Greece .....................................................................................500, 1781 Proserpio, Luigi / Bocconi University, Italy ....................................................................................1353 Pulkkis, Göran / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland ...................................................660 Quek, Francis / Virginia Tech, USA ...................................................................................................559 Ramos, Carolina Hernández / University of Zaragoza, Spain ........................................................478 Ratnaike, Viranga / Monash University, Australia ...........................................................................305 Rege, Manjeet / Wayne State University, USA ................................................................................1366 Robbins, Christopher / Rhode Island School of Design, USA and The University of the South Pacific, Fiji ...........................................................................................1031 Robins, William / Brigham Young University, USA ........................................................................1344 Röckelein, Wolfgang / EMPRISE Consulting Düseldorf, Germany ...............................................1317 Roisin, Cécile / INRIA Rhône-Alpes, France .....................................................................................705 Rowe, Neil C. / U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA .......................................................................10 Rüger, Stefan / Imperial College London, UK ..................................................................................880 Santos, Danilo Freire de Souza / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil ..........................654 Sasaki, Hideyasu / Keio University, Japan .......................................................................................279 Sattar, Farook / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ......................................................770 Sayenko, Olga / University of Illinois, Chicago, USA .......................................................................848 Scales, Glenda Rose / Virginia Tech, USA .......................................................................................1078 Schellner, Karin / ARC Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering, Vienna, Austria ....................................................................................................................................364 Scherp, Ansgar / OFFIS Research Institute, Germany .....................................................................325 Schipani, Danilo / Valdani Vicari & Associati, Italy .........................................................................182 Schmucker, Martin / Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Germany ...................................................................................................................1707 Sharda, Nalin / Victoria University, Australia ................................................................................1422 Sharma, Ramesh C. / Indira Gandhi National Open University, India .........................................1022 Shea, Timothy / University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA ......................................................1286 Shen, Chia / Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, USA .......................................................1508 Sher, Muhammad / Technical University of Berlin, Germany .......................................................1789 Shih, Timothy K. / Tamkang University, Taiwan ............................................................................1643 Shim, J. P. / Mississippi State University, USA .................................................................................164 Shim, Julie M. / Soldier Design LLC, USA .......................................................................................164 Shyu, Mei-Ling / University of Miami, USA ...........................................................................509, 1553 Sircar, Ranapratap / Wipro Technologies, India ............................................................................1399 Sivagurunathan, Surendra Kumar / University of Oklahoma, USA ...............................................615 Sotiriou, Athanasios-Dimitrios / National Technical University of Athens, Greece ................818, 998 Spies, François / University of Franche-Comté, France .................................................................1766
Description: