Multicriteria Design Optimization: Procedures and Applications PDF
Preview Multicriteria Design Optimization: Procedures and Applications
Hans Eschenauer . luhani Koski Andrzej Osyczka (Editors) Multicriteria Design Optimization Procedures and Applications With l7l Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewY ork London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans Eschenauer University of Siegen Research Laboratory for Structural Optimization at the Institute of Mechanics and Control Engineering 0-5900 Siegen Germany Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. luhani Koski Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Tampere University of Technology P.O. Box 5Il S F-33 101 Tampere Finland Assoc. Prof. Dr. hab. inz. Andrzej Osyczka Technical University of Cracow Institute of Machine Technology PL-31-155 Cracow Poland ISBN 978-3-642-48699-9 ISBN 978-3-642-48697-5 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-3-642-48697-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Multicriteria design optimization: procedures and applications [edited by] Hans Eschenauer, Juhani Koski, Andrzej Osyczka. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-3-642-48699-9 I. Engineering design-Mathematical models. 2. Mathematical optimization. I. Eschenauer, Hans. II. Koski,Juhani.1I1. Osyczka, Andrzej. TA174.M85 1990 620'.00425-dc20 90-9931 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions ofthe German Copyright Law of September9, 1965, in its current version and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1990 The use ofr egistered names, trademarks,etc. in this publication does not imply,even in the absence ofa specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 216113020-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper To Gerda To Anu To Laura PREFACE The modern era of design optimization began about twenty years ago with the recognition of the usefulness of mathematical programming techniques. Methods based on mathematical programming were first adapted to single-criterion optimum design problems. Now, more atten- tion is given to multicriteria modelling, as in many engineering appli- cations often several conflicting criteria have to be considered by the designer. Even though multicriteria optimization goes back as far as V. Pareto's study in 1898, a greater interest in such fields as optimization theory, operations research, and control theory was not aroused until the late 1960s. Since that time numerous studies on this topic have been published. Most of them deal with the theory of decision making from a general point of view whereas only a relatively small number of publications can be found in the field of engineering design. Thus, the aim of this book is to fill this gap and to provide the designer with a new tool for solving the optimization problems in which several con- flicting and noncommensurable criteria are to be satisfied. In order to get a representative survey of the current works, the editors asked for contributions from some leading researchers so that a broad range of applications could be gathered in a coherent volume. In order to introduce the subject to the readers, Chapter 1 outlines the background of multicriteria optimization, broadly describes the relevant mathematical procedures, and also shows some real-life examples which motivate the designer to apply multicriteria techniques. The first part of this volume (Chapters 2-4) deals with multicriteria optimization procedures. Chapter 2 presents the optimization procedure SAPOP which provides the designer with a general tool for solving structural optimum design problems. Most activities in multicriteria design optimization concentrate on the application of interactive proce- dures. Chapter 3 outlines these procedures irrespective of their role in the design process and also describes two software packages which facilitate the interactive processes for optimum design. Knowledge-based systems recently aroused great interest. Their use in multicriteria design optimization is described in Chapter 4. VIII Preface The second part of this volume is devoted to the application of multi- criteria techniques to different design problems which are divided into subject groups. The first group deals with mechanisms and dynamic systems. Here, Chapters 5.1 and 5.2 are devoted to the problem of optimal balancing of robot arms using counterweights and spring mecha- nisms. For the optimum design of spring balancing mechanisms, a general method for dealing with computationally expensive objective functions has been proposed. Optimization of automotive drive train and multibody systems are discussed in Chapters 5.3 and 5.4. Chapter 5.5 shows a special method for finding a relationship between FEM- analysis and optimization procedures using regression models. The second subject group explores aircraft and space technology problems. In Chapter 6.1 multicriteria optimal layouts of aircraft and spacecraft structures are discussed whereas Chapter 6.2 presents poblems of space- craft structures with emphasis on mass and stiffness. Multicriteria optimization of machine tool systems is the subject of the thit"d group. In Chapter 7.1 design problems of machine tool structures are presented, and in Chapter 7.2 the optimum design of machine tool spindle systems using a decomposition method is discussed. The fourth subject group deals with metal forming and cast metal technology. In Chapter 8.1, a multicriteria optimal control approach is applied to die designs for symmetric strip drawing. Optimal layouts of heterogeneous thick-walled, chilled cast-iron rollers are presented in Chapter 8.2, and a metal forming process is optimized and simulated in Chapter 8.3. Problems of civil and architectural engineering are considered in two chapters. Chapter 9.1 presents the multicriteria optimization of concrete beams, trusses, and cable structures, and in Chapter 9.2 multicriteria opti- mization techniques are applied to architectural planning. Finally, the optimization of structures made of advanced materials is discussed. Chapters 10.1, 10.2, and 10.4 deal with fibre-reinforced plate and shell structures and ceramic components, respectively. In Chapter 10.3 multi- criteria optimization and advanced materials in telescope design are presented. The editors wish to express their appreciation to all authors for their contributions and their cooperation in revising the chapters. We are especially grateful to Ms Ursula Schmitz (Stud.Ass.) who has per- formed the type-setting of the book with great skill and efficiency. She has also assisted as a translation editor for all chapters and tried to meet the editors' requirements with much care and patience. In Preface IX preparing and organizing the publishing process, she did a splendid job. We would also like to express our sincere thanks to Ms Birgit Holl- stein and Mr Michael Wengenroth for supervising the work on the book in its final phase. Thanks are also due to Ms Petra Franke, Ms Regina Knepper and Ms Henrike StrohbUcker who have done the drawing of figures. The editors wish to express their special thanks and appreciation to Dr. R.D. Pat'bery (University of Newcastle/ Australia) for carefully proof- reading the typescl"ipt. On this occasion, Dr. Parbery would like to thank the German Research Community <DFG) for sponsoring his stay as a visiting professor at the University of Siegen. The DFG is also owed a debt of gratitude for its sponsorship of Professor A. Osyczka's eight-month-stay at the University of Siegen where he did the main part of his work on the book. Finally, we are indebted to Ms. E. Raufelder and Mr. A. von Hagen of Springer Publishing Company, Heidelberg for the excellent cooperation. Hans A. Eschenauer Juhani Koski Andrzej Osyczka Siegen, Tampet'e, Cracow March 1990 CONTENTS List of Co:n.tribu.tors .. XXI List of SY:n:I.bols ..... . . XXIII 1 :M:u.l tieri teria Opti:n:l.izatio:n.- Fu.:n.da:n:l.e:n.tals a:n.d :M:otivatio:n. .. 1 H.A. Eschenauer, J. Koski, A. Osyczka 1.1 Introduction .......................... . 1.1.1 On the Historical Development of Optimization Techniques ........................ . 1.1.2 Necessity of Applying Optimization Techniques to the Design Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 Multicriteria Optimization as a Strategy in the Design Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Mathematical Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 General Definitions and Notations in Scalar Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2 The Multicriteria Programming Problem. 9 1.2.3 The Multicriteria Control Problem. . . . . .19 1.3 Components and Plants with their Objectives. .20 1.3.1 Optimum Design of Highly Accurate Parabolic Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3.2 Optimal Layout of a Novel Solar Energy Collector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.3 Shape Optimization of Satellite Tanks . . . 24 1.3.4 Optimal Shape Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.3.5 Optimal Layout of Tube-Flange Structures. .26 1.4 Conclusion .28 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 XII Contents Part I Procedures 2 Optlrn.ization Procedure S.A.POP-.A. General Tool for ~ul ticrit eria Structural Designs 35 M. Bremicker, H.A. Eschenauer, P. U. Post 2.1 Demands on an Optimization Procedure. .35 2.2 Structure of the Optimization Procedure. .36 2.2.1 Definitions ............. . .36 2.2.2 Three-Columns Concept ....... . .37 2.3 Basic Ideas of the Procedure SAPOP .40 2.3.1 Problem Formulation and Input Data. .41 2.3.2 SAPOP Main Module ........... . .41 2.3.3 Evaluation of the Optimization Results .44 2.4 Optimization Modelling. .44 2.4.1 Design Models . . .. .45 2.4.2 Evaluation Models . .46 2.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis. . 47 2.5 Description of Two Optimization Algorithms ........ 52 2.5.1 Sequential Linear Programming Method (SEQLI). .52 2.5.2 Hybrid Method of Quadratic Programming with Reduced Line-Search Technique (QPRLT)' . . . .. .55 2.6 Comparison with other Structural Optimization Soft- ware Systems ..... .58 2.7 Application Example .58 2.8 Conclusion .65 References . . . . .66 3 Interactive :M:ulticriteria Optlrn.ization in Design Process ............................... 71 H.A. Eschenauer, A. Osyczka, E. Schafer 3.1 Introduction ................. . .71 3.2 Interactive Multicriteria Optimization Procedures . 72 3.2.1 General Remarks on Classification. . . 72 3.2.2 Approach by Fandel .74 3.2.3 STEP-Method ...... .78 3.2.4 Approach by Jahn . . . . .80 3.2.5 Approach by Geoffrion .83 Contents XIII 3.3 Software Package DIALOG .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.3.1 Basic Structure ......... . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.3.2 Interactive MO-Layout of a Conical Shell. .88 3.4 Software Package CAM OS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.4.1 Optimization Algorithms Used in CAMOS . 102 3.4.2 Multicriteria Strategy Approaches . . . . . . . 104 3.4.3 Description of CAMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.4.4 Interactive MO-Layouts of a Machine Tool Spindle . 107 3.5 Conclusion . 109 References . . 111 4 Kno"","ledge Engineering and ~u.lticriteria Opti:rn.ization .... 115 M. Balachandran, J.S. Gero 4.1 Introduction ...... . .115 4.2 Knowledge Engineering .117 4.2.1 General Concept . .117 4.2.2 Architecture of a Knowledge-Based System .118 4.3 Role of a Knowledge-Based Approach in Multicriteria Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .119 4.4 Knowledge-Based Optimization Formulation. . . . .. .120 4.4.1 Description and Representation of Optimization Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.4.2 Mathematical Symbolic Manipulation . . . . . . 125 4.4.3 Mathematical Formulation of Optimization Problems ............................. 127 4.5 Knowledge-Based Optimization Control .... . 133 4.5.1 Recognition of Optimization Formulation . . . . . 133 4.5.2 Optimization Algorithm Selection . . . . . . . .. . 135 4.5.3 Knowledge-Based Control in Pareto-Optimal Set Generation. . . . . . . 137 4.6 Illustration Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 4.6.1 System Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 4.6.2 Knowledge-Based Optimization Formulation and Recognition ...... . . 141 4.6.3 Knowledge-Based Control in Pareto-Optimal Set Generation . .142 4.7 Conclusion .145 References ............................... 146
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