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Multi-band reflectarray antennas in Ku and THz frequency bands PDF

144 Pages·2015·17.51 MB·English
by  HasaniHamed
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Multi-band reflectarray antennas in Ku and THz frequency bands THÈSE NO 6781 (2015) PRÉSENTÉE LE 30 OCTOBRE 2015 À L’ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE À LA FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DE L'INGÉNIEUR LABORATOIRE D'ELECTROMAGNÉTISME ET ANTENNES ET À L’INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO (IST) DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA INSTITUTO DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES PROGRAMME DOCTORAL EN GÉNIE ÉLECTRIQUE ET DOUTORAMENTO EM ENGENHARIA ELECTROTÉCNICA E DE COMPUTADORES POUR L’OBTENTION DU GRADE DE DOCTEUR ÈS SCIENCES (PhD) PAR Hamed HASANI acceptée sur proposition du jury: Dr S.-R. Cherkaoui, président du jury Prof. A. Skrivervik, Prof. C. Peixeiro, directeurs de thèse Prof. J. A. Encinar, rapporteur Prof. Ö. A. Çivi, rapporteuse Dr F. Rachidi, rapporteur Suisse 2015 TomyparentsSimaandEsmaeil... Acknowledgements ThroughoutthesefouryearsasaPhDstudentinPortugalandSwitzerlandIhadthegreat privilegeoflearningnewthings,sharingknowledgeandexperiencingdelightfulmoments withwonderfulpersonsthatImet.I’mgladthathereIamgiventheopportunitytoexpress mygratitudetothemall. Firstandforemostofall,IwouldliketothanktheheadofInstitutodeTelecomunicaçõesin Lisbon,Prof.CarlosFernandesforhavingencouragedmetoapplyfortheIST-EPFLdoctoral program. IwouldalsoliketoexpressmywarmestgratitudetomysupervisorsProf.CustódioPeixeiro fromISTandProf. AnjaK.SkrivervikfromEPFLwhoseconstantanddedicatedsupportin everyaspectprovidedmewithanexceptionalenvironmentinbothinstitutestopursueand realizemyownideas.IconsidermyselfveryfortunateandIamgratefulforhavinghadsuch wonderfulsupervisors. IamalsothankfultotheheadoftheLEMAlaboratoryatEPFL,Prof. JuanR.Mosigalong withthetwobelovedsecretariesEulaliaDurusselandMercedesQuintasfortheirsupportand kindnessandespeciallyfortheireffortstosolvetheadministrativeandfinancialissuesrelated tothejointdoctoralprogram. IwishtothankProf.JoséAntonioEncinarfromTechnicalUniversityofMadrid(UPM),Madrid, Spain,Prof.ÖzlemAydinÇivifromMiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,Ankara,TurkeyandProf. FarhadRachidifromEPFLforhavingacceptedtobemythesisreviewers. Many thanks goes to my friend and colleague Dr. Santiago Capdevila Cascante at LEMA, EPFLfortheprecisemeasurementofthesamplesintheTHzregionandforhismanyfruitful technicaldiscussionsandsuggestions. IamalsogratefultoAntonioMiguelAlmeidafrom IST,Lisbonforperfectlycarryingoutthedemandingantennameasurementscenariointhe anechoicchamber. One of the most important developments in this thesis was the sophisticated fabrication scenariooftheTHzreflectarrysamplesonsiliconwhichwasmadepossiblebyendeavoursof myfriendandcolleagueMicheleTamagnoneandhiscolleaguesClaraMoldovanandPietro MaoddiintheCMI-CenterofMicroNanoTechnologyatEPFL.Iwouldliketoexpressmy gratitudeandcongratulationstothemallforthispreciousachievement. IamthankfultomyfriendsandcolleaguesattheInstitutodeTelecomunicações(IT)inLisbon, EduardoLimaandAndelaZaricforthefruitfultechnicalandsocialdiscussionsandsupport. ManythanksgoestomyfriendMohsenKoohestaniwhohelpedmeagreatdealconcerning administrativeprocedureinISTandtosettledowninLisbon.Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmy i Acknowledgements gratitudetomywonderfulandlovelyfriendsRafalGlogowskiandhislifecompanionJoanna fortheirmemorablehospitalityandinvaluablecompanybothinPortugalandSwitzerland. DuringmythreeyearsstayinthelaboratoryofLEMA,EPFLImustsaythatIhaveenjoyed a lot the friendly environment and wonderful company of its current and past members. MywarmestthanksgoestoAnton,Baptist,David,Eden,Apostolos,Joana,Jovanche,Mina, Michele,Maria,Tomislav,Nuno,Santiago,NevenaandMarcinadditiontomydearfellow countrymen Hussein Esfahlani, Mohsen Yousefbeiki and Mohsen Bahramipanah all with whomIspentdelightfulandunforgettablemoments. Iwouldalsoliketoacknowledgethewonderfulandlovelymembersofthetheatretroupeof EPFLLesPolyssons:Elise,Clarina,Karin,Sophie,Virgile,ThomasandAntoinealongwithour twoadmirablemetteursenscèneChristineLavilleandAnthonyGerber,thankstowhomIhad oneofthemostamazingexperiencesinmylifebyperformingwiththemintheplayLerepas desfauvesthatwentonstageinAprilandMay2015.Ungrandmerciàvoustous! FinallyIammostgratefultotheeverlastingsupportandloveofmyparentsSimaandEsmaeil towhomIoweeveryachievementinmylife,tomysisterShahlaforhavingalwaysbeenthere formeindifficulttimesandtomydearbrothersKhalilandHosseinthatinspiteofthelong distanceshavealwaysbeenwithme. Julien FromFebruary2013tillJune2014mythesiswassupervisedatEPFLbyProf.JulienPerruisseau- Carrierwhounfortunatelypassedawayon6thJune2014attheageof35. FormeitwasagreatprivilegehavingknownJulienandhavingworkedunderhisinvaluable supervision.AndImustsaythatitwashisinspiringperseveranceandperspicacityaswellas hisgoodsenseofhumourthatmadehisdeathatragedyforthepeoplewhohaveknownhim andhaveworkedwithhim. ItgoeswithoutsayingthatwithhisenormouscontributionstodifferentareasofElectromag- netismandwithhisdedicationandcommitmenttothescientificresearch,Julienwillalways remainunforgettable. Lausanne,07October2015 HamedHasani ThisworkhasreceivedfinancialsupportbythePortugueseFundaçãoparaaCiênciaeaTec- nologia(FCT)underthegrantreferencenumberSFRH/BD/51444/2011 ii Abstract Printedreflectarraysarelow-cost,low-profilehighgainantennasdemonstratingdistinctive advantagesoverconventionalparabolicreflectorsandphased-arrays. Theflat,lowweight reflecting surface of a reflectarray makes it an attractive alternative with respect to bulky parabolic reflectors especially for space and satellite systems. As compared to high-cost phased-arrayantennas, withincorporationofsolidstatedevices, reflectarraysareableto demonstrateelectronicbeamscanninginaverylow-costway. Adistinctiveadvantageofareflectarrayantennaliesinitspotentialtobereadilydesignedasa multi-bandantennawhichdemonstratesindependentperformanceatseveralfrequencies.A characteristicthatisdifficulttoachieveusingconventionalparabolicreflectors. Theaimofthisthesisistopresentlow-cost,simple,multi-bandprintedreflectarrayantennas inKuandTHzfrequencybands.InKubandwepresentadual-bandreflectarrayperforming at12and14GHzandaquad-bandreflectarrayantennaperformingat12,13,14and15.5 GHz.Thepresentedprototypesbenefitfromtheadvantageofhavingasingle-layerstructure whichreducesthedesigncomplexityaswellasthefabricationcost.Inaddition,multi-band reflectarraysareabletoperformatanypolarizationduetothedual-linearpolarizeddesignof theirunit-cells.Furthermore,thedesignoftheunit-cellissuchthat,ateachfrequency,the phaseresponsedependsononlyoneparameterofthecell.Thisadvantageeliminatestheneed fortimeconsumingoptimizations.Basedonproposedunit-cellsdual-bandandquad-band reflectarrayswitharbitrarybeamdirectionversusfrequencyhavebeensimulated,fabricated andmeasured. Simulationandmeasurementresultsaswelldemonstratethesatisfactory independentperformanceoftheprototypesateachintendedfrequency. InTHzregion,forthefirsttimewepresentatri-bandunit-cellbasedonwhichreflectarraypro- totypesperformingatthethreefrequencies0.7,1.0and1.5THz,aredesigned.Thepresented reflectarrayspossessalltheadvantagesofthosedesignedforKubandwiththeadditionalad- vantageofhavinghighresistivitysiliconasthesubstratethankstoasophisticatedfabrication process.Theuseofsiliconassubstrateisabigadvantagesinceitfacilitatestheintegrationof solidstatedevicesforreconfigurability.Basedontheproposedunit-cellreflectarraysamples witharbitraryindependentperformanceateachfrequencyaredesigned,simulated,fabricated andmeasured. MeasurementresultsobtainedusingaTHz-TDS(TerahertzTime-Domain Spectroscopy)measurementsystem,demonstratethesatisfactoryindependentperformance ofthereflectarraysamplesateachfrequency. Thisthesisalsopresentsadual-band,dual-polarizedreconfigurableunit-cellforbeam-scanning reflectarrayoperatingat12and14GHz.Thecellhoweversuffersfromhigh-cross-polarization iii Acknowledgements level.Achessboardcellarrangementisproposedtomitigatethehighcross-polarizationlevel at the reflectarray far-field region. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the chess- boardarrangementineliminatingthecross-polarizationallowingthedesignofalow-cross polarizationreconfigurablereflectarrayantennaoutofaunit-cellwithhighcross-polarization level. Finally,thethesispresentstheconceptofaversatileflatprismwhichisareflectarraywith a pre-designed frequency-scanning behaviour. The limitations and challenges as well as solutionsforimplementationofsuchadevicearepresentedanddiscussed. Keywords:Kuband,THz,Dualpolarization,Reflectarray,Periodicstructures,Metasurfaces, Mutli-band,Highgainantennas,Satellitecommunications,Reconfigurableantennas. iv Résumé Lesréseauxréfléchissantsimprimés,communémentappelésreflectarrays,sontdesantennes à faible coût, de profil réduit et de gain élevé qui possèdent des avantages distincts par rapportauxréflecteursparaboliquesclassiquesouauxantennesréseau.Lasurfaceplaneetla légèretéd’unreflectarrayenfontunealternativeintéressanteauxréflecteursparaboliques encombrants,particulièrementdanslecasdesystèmesspatiauxoudesatellites.Comparéaux réseauxphasés,unreflectarrayestcapabledefournirunbalayageélectroniquedufaisceauà unbienmoindrecoût. Lesreflectarraysontl’avantagedepouvoirfacilementêtreconçuspourfonctionnerdansde multiplesbandesdefréquencesindépendantesentreelles.Cettecaractéristiqueestdifficileà réaliseravecdesréflecteursparaboliquesclassiques. L’objectifdecettethèseestdeprésenterdesreflectarraysimpriméssimplesetmulti-bandes enbandeKuainsiquedanslabandedesTHz.EnbandeKu,nousprésentonsunreflectarray double-bandefonctionnantà12et14GHzetunreflectarrayquadri-bandefonctionnantà12, 13,14et15.5GHz.Lesprototypesprésentéssonttousmonocouche,cequiréduitlacomplexité delaconceptionainsiquelecoûtdefabrication.Enoutre,lesreflectarraysmulti-bandessont capablesdefonctionnersuivanttouteslesdirectionsdepolarisation,grâceàuneconception enpolarisationlinéairedoubledeleurscellules. Deplus,lacelluleestconçuedemanière àcequelesréponsesenphasedeleurcoefficientnedépendentqued’unseulparamètre, différentdanschaquebandedefréquence,cequiprésentel’avantageconsidérablederendre lesoptimisationsinutiles.Fondéssurlescellulesproposées,desreflectarraysdouble-bandeet quadri-bandesontproposés,réalisésetcaractérisés.Ilsprésententunedirectionderéflexion dufaisceauprédéfiniedemanièrearbitraire. Lesdiagrammesderayonnementsimuléset mesurésdémontrentlefonctionnementsatisfaisantdeprototypesréalisés. Une cellule tri-bande est présentée pour la première fois dans la bande de THz. Fondés surcettedernière,deuxreflectarraysfonctionnantsà0.7,1.0,et1.5THzsontconçus. Ces réseauxontlesmêmesavantagesqueceuxproposésenbandeKu.Deplus,l’utilisationd’un substratenSiliciumàhauterésistivitéaétérenduepossibleparunprocessusdefabrication sophistiqué,permettantainsilaréductiondespertes.L’utilisationdesiliciumcommesubstrat présentel’avantagedefaciliterl’intégrationdesélémentssemi-conducteursutiliséspourune éventuellereconfigurabilitéduréseau. Desreflectarraysavecdesperformancesindépendantesàchaquefréquenceetchoisiesde manièrearbitraireontétéconçus,simulés,fabriquésetmesurés. Lesrésultatsdemesure obtenus en utilisant un système de mesure de THz-TDS (Terahertz Time-Domain Spec- v Résumé troscopy),démontrentlaperformancesatisfaisantedesreflectarraysàchaquefréquence. Cettethèseprésentedeplusunecelluledouble-bande,double-polarisationreconfigurable pourunbalayagedefaisceauélectroniquefonctionnantà12et14GHz. Lacellulesouffre cependant d’un niveau de polarisation croisée élevé. Pour atténuer cet inconvénient et abaisserlapolarisationcroiséeenchamplointain,unarrangementdesélémentsnomméen damier(chessboard)estproposé. Lesrésultatsdesimulationmontrentl’efficacitédecette méthode. Alafindelathèse,onprésenteleconceptdeprismeplanaireversatile(flatversatileprism) quiestenfaitunreflectarrayprésentantunevariationfréquence-balayagepréconçue. Les limitesetlesdéfisainsiquedessolutionspourlaréalisationd’unteldispositifsontprésentés etdiscutés. Motsclefs:BandeKu,THz,doublepolarisation,reflectarray,structurespériodiques,metasur- faces,Mutli-bande,antennesàgainélevé,communicationsparsatellite,antennesreconfig- urables vi

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to acknowledge the wonderful and lovely members of the theatre troupe of nologia (FCT) under the grant reference number SFRH/BD/51444/2011 ii. Page 7. Abstract. Printed reflectarrays are low-cost, low-profile high gain antennas However, in this case the patches have strong mutual coupling.
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