Multi-antenna Transceiver Techniques for 3G and Beyond

345 Pages·2003·5.9 MB·English

by  Ari Hottinen

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Multi­antenna
Transceiver Techniques
for 3G and Beyond
This page intentionally left blank
Μυλτι−αντεννα
Transceiver Techniques
for 3G and Beyond
Ari Hottinen
Nokia Research Center, Finland
Olav Tirkkonen
Nokia Research Center, Finland
Risto Wichman
Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
WILEY
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Contents
Preface xi
Acronyms xiii
Part I  Introduction
1  Background 3
1.1  Modular System Design 5
1.2  Diversity Techniques  in 3G  Systems 9
1.2.1  WCDMA  Rel99 and Rel4 9
1.2.2  WCDMA:  Recent Releases 13
1.2.3  cdma2000 15
1.3  GSM/EDGE 15
1.4  Multi­antenna Modems f or 3G and  Beyond 16
1.4.1  Motivation 16
1.4.2  Examples of Recent Multi­antenna  Transmission
Methods 17
1.5  Summary 18
2  Diversity Gain,  SNR Gain and Rate Increase 21
2.1  Channel Models 21
2.1.1  Multipath Channels 25
2.1.2  Spatial Channels 25
vi CONTENTS
2.1.3  MIMO  Channel Models 26
2.1.4  Polarization Diversity 29
2.2  Performance  Limits of Transmit Diversity 29
2.3  Theoretical MIMO  Channel Capacity 31
2.3.1  No Channel State Information  at Transmitter 34
2.3.2  Channel State Information  at Transmitter 36
2.4  MIMO  Capacity in Correlated Channels 38
2.5  Performance  Measuresf or Closed­loop Transmit Diversity 44
2.6  Summary 45
Part II  Openl­oop Methods
3  Open­loop Concepts:  Background 49
3.1  Delay Diversity 49
3.2  Implicit Diversity  via Phase  Modulation 50
3.3  Code and TimeD  ivision Transmit Diversity 53
3.4  Diversity  Transform 53
3.5  Space—Time Coding 57
3.5.1  Space­Time   Trellis Codes 58
3.5.2  Space­Time  Code Design Criteria 59
3.5.3  Space­Time   Trellis Versus Space—Time Block Coding 61
3.6  Space—Time Block Codes 62
3.6.1  Two Tx A  ntennas:  STTD 63
3.6.2  More Than  Two Tx A  ntennas 63
3.6.3  Space—Time Block Coding Terminology 66
3.7  Non­linear Matrix  Modulation 67
3.8  Summary 68
4  Matrix Modulation:   Low SNR  Aspects 69
4.1  LinearM  atrix  Modulation 70
4.1.1  Basis Matrices 71
4.1.2  Diversity and  Self­interference 71
4.2  Examples 74
4.3  Heuristic Design  Rules  atL  ow SNR 78
4.3.1  Frobenius Orthogonality 79
4.3.2  Minimal  Self­interference 80
4.3.3  Symbol Homogeneity 81
4.3.4  Maximal Symbolwise  Diversity 81
4.3.5  Maximizing Mutual  Information 82
4.4  Matched Filtering  and Maximum Likelihood Metric 82
CONTENTS vii
4.4.1  Equivalent Channel Matrix 82
4.4.2  Maximum Likelihood Detection Metric 84
4.4.3  Design Criteria  andM  L  Metric 85
4.5  Mutual Information 86
4.5.1  Information and  Interference 86
4.5.2  Expanding Information 87
4.6  Expansion around Diagonal Dominance 92
4.6.1  Diagonal Dominance  inI  nformation Measures 93
4.6.2  Diagonal Dominance  in Performance  Measures 94
4.7  Performance  of Examples 95
4.8  Summary 97
5  Increasing Symbol Rate: Quasi­orthogonal Layers 99
5.1  Orthogonal Designs 99
5.1.1  Performance  Optimumf or Linear Space­Time  Codes 100
5.1.2  Consequences of Unitarity and Linearity 100
5.1.3  Construction of Orthogonal Designs 101
5.1.4  Orthogonal Designs  and  Information 103
5.2  Complexity Issues:  Choosing Symbol Rate  and Target Tx
Diversity 104
5.2.1  Reaching Capacity 104
5.2.2  Linear Detection 105
5.2.3  Choosing the Symbol Rate 107
5.2.4  Choosing Target Tx Diversity Degree 107
5.3  Multimodulation Schemes 108
5.4  Matrix Modulation with Quasi­orthogonal Layers 110
5.4.1  Clifford  Basisf or Matrix Modulation 110
5.4.2  Idle Directions  of a Modulation Matrix 111
5.4.3  Layered Schemes f or N   =2  ,N   =2  112
t r
5.4.4  Minimal Self­interference   3+1 Layered 4x4  Schemes 114
5.4.5  Minimal Self­interference   2+2 Layered 4x4  Schemes 118
5.4.6  Quasi­orthogonal Schemes f or N   >4  ,N   =1  119
t r
5.5  Summary 121
6  Receiver Algorithms 123
6.1  Channel Estimation Issues 123
6.2  Maximum Likelihood Detection 124
6.3  Quasi­orthogonality Assisted  Maximum  Likelihood
Detection 127
6.4  Linear  Receivers 128
6.5  Iterative Receivers 129