Multi-Agent System for Control and Management of Distributed Power Systems

245 Pages·2012·5.06 MB·English

by  Thillainathan Logenthiran

MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM FOR CONTROL AND
MANAGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED POWER SYSTEMS

THILLAINATHAN LOGENTHIRAN

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
2012
MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM FOR CONTROL AND
MANAGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED POWER SYSTEMS

THILLAINATHAN LOGENTHIRAN
(B.SC., UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA, SRI LANKA)

A THESIS SUBMITTED
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
MARCH, 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
There are number of people I wish to thank for their help and support throughout the
course of my Ph.D. program. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude
to my mentor Dr. Dipti Srinivasan for giving me an opportunity to be her Ph.D.
student. Her insights, suggestions and guidance helped me sharpen my research skills
and her inspiration, patience and encouragement helped me conquer the difficulties
and complete my Ph.D. program successfully.
I am grateful to Siemens AG for awarding me with top honours in the Siemens Smart
Grid Innovation Contest, 2011. The award brightened my research and arouses the
expectation of my thesis by leading smart grid industries and research institutes.
Further, I wish to thank the Principal Investigator (PI), all Co-PIs and colleagues of
MODERN (Modular Distributed Energy Resource Network) project which was
carried out under the IEDS (Intelligent Energy Distribution Systems) program with
the aid of A*STAR (Science and Engineering Research Council of the Agency for
Science, Technology and Research). Special thanks to the PI, Dr. Ashwin M.
Khambadkone for his valuable guidance that aided me to carry out my tasks
confidently. I would also like to thank the PI, all Co-PIs and colleagues of
Computational Tools for Optimal Planning and Scheduling of Distributed Renewable
Energy Sources project which was carried out with the aid of NRF (National Research
Foundation).
I express my gratitude to Mr. Seow Hung Cheng for his willingness to help me at the
Energy Management and Microgrid Laboratory. I also wish to thank my colleagues
and friends for their support at the lab. Furthermore, I express my sincere gratitude to
National University of Singapore (NUS) for giving me the opportunity to pursue my
graduate studies and granting me the NUS research scholarship. I wish to thank the
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department of Electrical and Computer Engineering for providing me with
sophisticated laboratory facilities and tremendous support. I am also thankful to the
department for giving me an opportunity of being a part-time tutor.
I wish to express my humble gratitude to my family members and friends for their
support throughout the course of my research. Last but not least, I wish to thank the
almighty GOD, and my spiritual Gurus Siva Yogaswami and Swami Sri
Paramahamsa Nithyananda for their enduring grace and love.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures .............................................................................................................. xii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................. xvii
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xix
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Overview ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Power System Control ................................................................................... 2
1.2.1. Centralized Control System ............................................................... 2
1.2.2. Distributed Control System ............................................................... 3
1.3. Smart Grid ..................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Distributed Power Systems ........................................................................... 7
1.4.1. Microgrid ........................................................................................... 8
1.4.2. Integrated Microgrid .......................................................................... 9
1.5. Distributed Power System Control and Management ................................. 10
1.6. Proposed Control and Management Methodology ...................................... 12
1.7. Main Research Objectives ........................................................................... 14
1.8. Main Research Contributions ...................................................................... 15
1.9. Dissertation Outline ..................................................................................... 16
2. Background and Related Work ......................................................................... 17
2.1. Overview ..................................................................................................... 17
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2.2. Multi-Agent System .................................................................................... 17
2.2.1. Characteristics of Multi-Agent System ........................................... 18
2.2.2. Advantages of Multi-Agent System ................................................ 20
2.3. Multi-Agent System Development .............................................................. 21
2.3.1. Multi-Agent System Design ............................................................ 21
2.3.2. Multi-Agent System Architecture ................................................... 23
2.3.3. Intelligent Agent Design .................................................................. 25
2.3.4. Multi-Agent System Platform ......................................................... 26
2.3.5. Industrial Standards ......................................................................... 28
2.3.6. Agent Communication Languages .................................................. 29
2.3.7. Ontology Design .............................................................................. 30
2.3.8. Technical Challenges and Problems ................................................ 32
2.4. Applications of Multi-Agent System in Power Systems ............................. 33
2.4.1. Modern Power System Operation ................................................... 33
2.4.2. Monitoring and Diagnostic Functions ............................................. 34
2.4.3. Power System Protection ................................................................. 35
2.4.4. Reconfiguration and Restoration ..................................................... 36
2.5. Applications of Multi-Agent System in Smart Grid Development ............. 37
2.5.1. Distributed Energy Resource Modeling .......................................... 37
2.5.2. Energy Market ................................................................................. 37
2.5.3. Microgrid Operation ........................................................................ 38
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2.5.4. Computer-Based Simulation Studies ............................................... 38
2.5.5. Studies on Real Test Systems .......................................................... 39
2.6. Summary ..................................................................................................... 40
3. Proposed Multi-Agent System for Distributed Power Systems ...................... 42
3.1. Overview ..................................................................................................... 42
3.2. Proposed Multi-Agent System .................................................................... 43
3.2.1. Proposed Control Architecture ........................................................ 43
3.2.2. Proposed Multi-Agent System Architecture ................................... 45
3.2.3. Agents in Multi-Agent System ........................................................ 47
3.2.4 Security Manager Agent .................................................................. 50
3.3. Implementation of Multi-Agent System ...................................................... 52
3.4. Interface with Power System Simulators .................................................... 54
3.4.1. Power World Simulator ................................................................... 54
3.4.2. Real-Time Digital Simulator ........................................................... 55
3.4.2.1. RTDS Hardware ................................................................ 56
3.4.2.2. RTDS Software ................................................................. 56
3.4.2.3. Component Model Libraries ............................................. 57
3.4.2.4. Interface with RTDS ......................................................... 57
3.5. Proposed Demand Side Management .......................................................... 58
3.5.1. Demand Side Management Techniques .......................................... 58
3.5.2. Demand Side Management in Smart Grid ....................................... 59
3.5.3. Proposed Load Shifting Technique ................................................. 60
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3.6. Proposed Generation Scheduling ................................................................ 63
3.6.1. Cooperative Microgrid Environment ................................................ 63
3.6.1.1. Grid-Connected Mode Operation ...................................... 64
3.6.1.2. Islanded Mode Operation .................................................. 68
3.6.2. Competitive Microgrid Environment ................................................ 69
3.6.2.1. PoolCo Market .................................................................. 69
3.6.2.2. Proposed Market Operation ............................................... 71
3.6.3. Integrated Microgrid Environment .................................................... 72
3.6.3.1. Bidding Strategy of Microgrid .......................................... 73
3.6.3.2. Islanded Integrated Microgrid Operation .......................... 74
3.6.3.3. Grid-Connected Integrated Microgrid Operation .............. 75
3.7. Development of Decision Making Modules ............................................... 77
3.7.1. SC Agent ......................................................................................... 77
3.7.2. DSM Agent ...................................................................................... 81
3.7.3. Security Agent ................................................................................. 85
3.8. Summary ..................................................................................................... 85
4. Day-Ahead Simulations of Distributed Power Systems .................................. 87
4.1. Overview ..................................................................................................... 87
4.2. Competitive Microgrid Operation ............................................................... 87
4.2.1. Multi-Agent System Launching ...................................................... 88
4.2.2. Registering with Directory Facilitator ............................................. 88
4.2.3. Registering with Security Services .................................................. 89
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4.2.4. Coordination of Agents ................................................................... 90
4.2.5. Mitigating Violation and Congestion .............................................. 92
4.2.6. Simulation Studies ........................................................................... 93
4.2.7. Simulation Results ........................................................................... 95
4.2.8. Discussions ...................................................................................... 96
4.3. Cooperative Microgrid Operation ............................................................... 97
4.3.1. Coordination of Agents ................................................................... 97
4.3.2. Simulation Studies ........................................................................... 98
4.3.2.1. Residential Microgrid ...................................................... 103
4.3.2.2. Commercial Microgrid .................................................... 104
4.3.2.3. Industrial Microgrid ........................................................ 106
4.3.3. Simulation Results ......................................................................... 107
4.3.3.1. Residential Microgrid ...................................................... 107
4.3.3.2. Commercial Microgrid .................................................... 108
4.3.3.3. Industrial Microgrid ........................................................ 109
4.3.4. Discussions .................................................................................... 110
4.4. Grid-Connected Integrated Microgrid Operation ...................................... 113
4.4.1. Coordination of Agents ................................................................. 114
4.4.2. Simulation Studies ......................................................................... 115
4.4.3. Simulation Results ......................................................................... 118
4.4.4. Discussions .................................................................................... 121
4.5. Islanded Integrated Microgrid Operation .................................................. 122
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4.5.1. Coordination of Agents ................................................................. 122
4.5.2. Simulation Studies ......................................................................... 124
4.5.3. Simulation Results ......................................................................... 128
4.5.4. Discussions .................................................................................... 131
4.6. Summary ................................................................................................... 132
5. Real-Time Simulations of Microgrid Management ....................................... 134
5.1. Overview ................................................................................................... 134
5.2. Proposed Operational Architecture ........................................................... 134
5.3. Real-Time Scheduling Problem ................................................................ 136
5.4. Coordination of Agents ............................................................................. 136
5.5. Simulation Studies ..................................................................................... 138
5.6. Simulation Results ..................................................................................... 141
5.6.1. Grid-Connected Microgrid Operation ........................................... 142
5.6.2. Islanded Microgrid Operation ....................................................... 143
5.7. Summary ................................................................................................... 145
6. Management of PHEV and Distributed Energy Storage Systems ............... 146
6.1. Overview ................................................................................................... 146
6.2. Management of Electrical Vehicles .......................................................... 146
6.2.1. Short-Term Management of EVs: Problem Formulation .............. 147
6.2.2. Multi-Agent System for Electrical Vehicle Management ............. 181
6.2.2.1. Agents in Multi-Agent System ........................................ 148
6.2.2.2. Coordination of Agents ................................................... 149
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