Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures PDF
Preview Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures
P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono MORPHING AEROSPACE VEHICLES AND STRUCTURES P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono AerospaceSeriesList SenseandAvoidinUAS:ResearchandApplications Angelov April2012 MorphingAerospaceVehiclesandStructures Valasek March2012 GasTurbinePropulsionSystems MacIsaacandLangton July2011 BasicHelicopterAerodynamics,ThirdEdition SeddonandNewman June2011 AdvancedControlofAircraft,RocketsandSpacecraft Tewari July2011 CooperativePathPlanningofUnmannedAerialVehicles Tsourdosetal. November2010 PrinciplesofFlightforPilots Swatton October2010 AirTravelandHealth:ASystemsPerspective Seabridgeetal. September2010 DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures:Withapplicationsto AerospaceStructures Kassapoglou September2010 UnmannedAircraftSystems:UAVSDesign,DevelopmentandDeployment Austin April2010 IntroductiontoAntennaPlacementandInstallations Macnamara April2010 PrinciplesofFlightSimulation Allerton October2009 AircraftFuelSystems Langtonetal. May2009 TheGlobalAirlineIndustry Belobaba April2009 P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono ComputationalModellingandSimulationofAircraftandtheEnvironment: Volume1–PlatformKinematicsandSyntheticEnvironment Diston April2009 HandbookofSpaceTechnology Ley,WittmannandHallmann April2009 AircraftPerformanceTheoryandPracticeforPilots Swatton August2008 SurrogateModellinginEngineeringDesign:APracticalGuide Forrester,SobesterandKeane August2008 AircraftSystems,ThirdEdition MoirandSeabridge March2008 IntroductiontoAircraftAeroelasticityAndLoads WrightandCooper December2007 StabilityandControlofAircraftSystems Langton September2006 MilitaryAvionicsSystems MoirandSeabridge February2006 DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems MoirandSeabridge June2004 AircraftLoadingandStructuralLayout Howe May2004 AircraftDisplaySystems Jukes December2003 CivilAvionicsSystems MoirandSeabridge December2002 P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono MORPHING AEROSPACE VEHICLES AND STRUCTURES Editedby JohnValasek AerospaceEngineeringDepartment TexasA&MUniversity USA A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono Thiseditionfirstpublished2012 ©2012,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.This publicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itis soldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladvice orotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Morphingaerospacevehiclesandstructures/editedbyJohnValasek. p.cm.–(AIAAprogressseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-97286-1(cloth)–ISBN978-1-60086-903-7 1.Aerospaceengineering. 2.Wing-warping(Aerodynamics) 3.Airplanes–Designandconstruction. 4.Airplanes–Wings–Designandconstruction. I.Valasek,John. II.AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsand Astronautics. TL565.M672012 629.1(cid:2)2–dc23 2011045495 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:978-0-470-97286-1 Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono Contents ListofContributors xiii Foreword xv SeriesPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Introduction 1 JohnValasek 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 TheEarlyYears:Bio-Inspiration 2 1.3 TheMiddleYears:VariableGeometry 5 1.4 TheLaterYears:AReturntoBio-Inspiration 9 1.5 Conclusion 10 References 10 Part I BIO-INSPIRATION 2 WingMorphinginInsects,BirdsandBats:MechanismandFunction 13 GrahamK.Taylor,AnnaC.Carruthers,TatjanaY.Hubel,andSimonM.Walker 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Insects 14 2.2.1 WingStructureandMechanism 15 2.2.2 GrossWingMorphing 18 2.3 Birds 25 2.3.1 WingStructureandMechanism 25 2.3.2 GrossWingMorphing 28 2.3.3 LocalFeatherDeflections 30 2.4 Bats 32 2.4.1 WingStructureandMechanism 33 2.4.2 GrossWingMorphing 35 2.5 Conclusion 37 Acknowledgements 37 References 38 P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono viii Contents 3 Bio-InspirationofMorphingforMicroAirVehicles 41 GreggAbateandWeiShyy 3.1 MicroAirVehicles 41 3.2 MAVDesignConcepts 43 3.3 TechnicalChallengesforMAVs 46 3.4 FlightCharacteristicsofMAVsandNAVs 47 3.5 Bio-InspiredMorphingConceptsforMAVs 48 3.5.1 WingPlanform 50 3.5.2 AirfoilShape 50 3.5.3 TailModulation 50 3.5.4 CGShifting 50 3.5.5 FlappingModulation 51 3.6 OutlookforMorphingattheMAV/NAVscale 51 3.7 FutureChallenges 51 3.8 Conclusion 53 References 53 Part II CONTROLANDDYNAMICS 4 MorphingUnmannedAirVehicleIntelligentShapeand FlightControl 57 JohnValasek,KentonKirkpatrick,andAmandaLampton 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 A-RLCArchitectureFunctionality 58 4.3 LearningAirVehicleShapeChanges 59 4.3.1 OverviewofReinforcementLearning 59 4.3.2 ImplementationofShapeChangeLearningAgent 62 4.4 MathematicalModelingofMorphingAirVehicle 63 4.4.1 AerodynamicModeling 63 4.4.2 ConstitutiveEquations 64 4.4.3 ModelGrid 67 4.4.4 DynamicalModeling 68 4.4.5 ReferenceTrajectory 71 4.4.6 ShapeMemoryAlloyActuatorDynamics 71 4.4.7 ControlEffectorsonMorphingWing 73 4.5 MorphingControlLaw 73 4.5.1 StructuredAdaptiveModelInversion(SAMI)ControlforAttitude Control 73 4.5.2 UpdateLaws 76 4.5.3 StabilityAnalysis 77 4.6 NumericalExamples 77 4.6.1 PurposeandScope 77 4.6.2 Example1:LearningNewMajorGoals 77 4.6.3 Example2:LearningNewIntermediateGoals 80 4.7 Conclusions 84 P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono Contents ix Acknowledgments 84 References 84 5 ModelingandSimulationofMorphingWingAircraft 87 BornaObradovicandKameshSubbarao 5.1 Introduction 87 5.1.1 Gull-WingAircraft 87 5.2 ModelingofAerodynamicswithMorphing 88 5.2.1 Vortex-LatticeAerodynamicsforMorphing 90 5.2.2 CalculationofForcesandMoments 92 5.2.3 EffectofGull-WingMorphingonAerodynamics 92 5.3 ModelingofFlightDynamicswithMorphing 93 5.3.1 OverviewofStandardApproaches 93 5.3.2 ExtendedRigid-BodyDynamics 97 5.3.3 ModelingofMorphing 100 5.4 ActuatorMomentsandPower 105 5.5 Open-LoopManeuversandEffectsofMorphing 109 5.5.1 LongitudinalManeuvers 109 5.5.2 TurnManeuvers 114 5.6 ControlofGull-WingAircraftusingMorphing 118 5.6.1 Power-OptimalStabilityAugmentationSystemusingMorphing 119 5.7 Conclusion 123 Appendix 123 References 124 6 FlightDynamicsModelingofAvian-InspiredAircraft 127 JaredGrauerandJamesHubbardJr 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 UniqueCharacteristicsofFlappingFlight 129 6.2.1 ExperimentalResearchFlightPlatform 129 6.2.2 UnsteadyAerodynamics 130 6.2.3 Configuration-DependentMassDistribution 131 6.2.4 NonlinearFlightMotions 131 6.3 VehicleEquationsofMotion 134 6.3.1 ConventionalModelsforAerospaceVehicles 134 6.3.2 MultibodyModelConfiguration 136 6.3.3 Kinematics 138 6.3.4 Dynamics 138 6.4 SystemIdentification 140 6.4.1 CoupledActuatorModels 141 6.4.2 TailAerodynamics 143 6.4.3 WingAerodynamics 143 6.5 SimulationandFeedbackControl 144 6.6 Conclusion 148 References 148 P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono x Contents 7 FlightDynamicsofMorphingAircraftwithTime-VaryingInertias 151 DanielT.Grant,StephenSorley,AnimeshChakravarthy,and RickLind 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Aircraft 152 7.2.1 Design 152 7.2.2 Modeling 154 7.3 EquationsofMotion 156 7.3.1 Body-AxisStates 156 7.3.2 InfluenceofTime-VaryingInertias 157 7.3.3 NonlinearEquationsforMoment 157 7.3.4 LinearizedEquationsforMoment 159 7.3.5 FlightDynamics 161 7.4 Time-VaryingPoles 162 7.4.1 Definition 162 7.4.2 Discussion 164 7.4.3 ModalInterpretation 164 7.5 FlightDynamicswithTime-VaryingMorphing 166 7.5.1 Morphing 166 7.5.2 Model 166 7.5.3 Poles 168 7.5.4 ModalInterpretation 171 References 174 8 OptimalTrajectoryControlofMorphingAircraftin PerchingManeuvers 177 AdamM.WickenheiserandEphrahimGarcia 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 AircraftDescription 179 8.3 VehicleEquationsofMotion 181 8.4 Aerodynamics 185 8.5 TrajectoryOptimizationforPerching 191 8.6 OptimizationResults 196 8.7 Conclusions 202 References 202 Part III SMARTMATERIALSANDSTRUCTURES 9 MorphingSmartMaterialActuatorControlUsingReinforcement Learning 207 KentonKirkpatrickandJohnValasek 9.1 IntroductiontoSmartMaterials 207 9.1.1 Piezoelectrics 208 9.1.2 ShapeMemoryAlloys 208 9.1.3 ChallengesinControllingShapeMemoryAlloys 209 P1:TIX/XYZ P2:ABC JWST149-fm JWST149-Valasek January19,2012 14:3 PrinterName:Markono Contents xi 9.2 IntroductiontoReinforcementLearning 210 9.2.1 TheReinforcementLearningProblem 210 9.2.2 Temporal-DifferenceMethods 211 9.2.3 ActionSelection 213 9.2.4 FunctionApproximation 215 9.3 SmartMaterialControlasaReinforcementLearningProblem 218 9.3.1 State-SpacesandAction-SpacesforSmartMaterialActuators 218 9.3.2 FunctionApproximationSelection 220 9.3.3 ExploitingAction-ValueFunctionforControl 220 9.4 Example 221 9.4.1 Simulation 222 9.4.2 Experimentation 225 9.5 Conclusion 228 References 229 10 IncorporationofShapeMemoryAlloyActuatorsintoMorphing Aerostructures 231 JustinR.Schick,DarrenJ.HartlandDimitrisC.Lagoudas 10.1 IntroductiontoShapeMemoryAlloys 231 10.1.1 UnderlyingMechanisms 232 10.1.2 UniqueEngineeringEffects 233 10.1.3 AlternateShapeMemoryAlloyOptions 237 10.2 AerospaceApplicationsofSMAs 238 10.2.1 Fixed-WingAircraft 239 10.2.2 Rotorcraft 245 10.2.3 Spacecraft 246 10.3 CharacterizationofSMAActuatorsandAnalysisofActuatorSystems 247 10.3.1 ExperimentalTechniquesandConsiderations 248 10.3.2 EstablishedAnalysisTools 252 10.4 Conclusion 256 References 256 11 HierarchicalControlandPlanningforAdvancedMorphingSystems 261 MrinalKumarandSumanChakravorty 11.1 Introduction 261 11.1.1 HierarchicalControlPhilosophy 262 11.2 MorphingDynamicsandPerformanceMaps 264 11.2.1 DiscretizationofPerformanceMapsviaGraphs 265 11.2.2 PlanningonMorphingGraphs 270 11.3 ApplicationtoAdvancedMorphingStructures 271 11.3.1 MorphingGraphConstruction 273 11.3.2 IntroductiontotheKagome´ Truss 275 11.3.3 ExamplesofMorphingwiththeKagome´ Truss 277 11.4 Conclusion 279 References 279
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