Mood Disorders

296 Pages·2013·8.751 MB·English

by  Nese Kocabasoglu

MOOD DISORDERS
Edited by Neşe Kocabaşoğlu
MOOD DISORDERS
Edited by Neşe Kocabaşoğlu
Mood Disorders
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55930
Edited by Neşe Kocabaşoğlu
Contributors
Ana Polona Mivšek, Tita Stanek Zidaric, Jana Hroudova, Zdenek Fisar, Jiri Raboch, Alfonso Valenzuela, Rodrigo
Valenzuela Baez, Aleksandra Suwalska, Dorota Łojko, Dagmar Breznoscakova, Andreea Letitia Arsene, Niculina Mitrea,
Cristina Manuela Dragoi, Alina Crenguta Nicolae, Doina Draganescu, Dumitru Lupuliasa, Ion-Bogdan Dumitrescu,
Dragos Florian Ciolan, Nasser Haddjeri, Ouissame Mnie-Filali, Erika Abrial, Laura Lambás-Señas, Yong-Ku Kim, Bertalan
Dudas, Irene Lehner-Adam, Toshihiko Yanagita, Wendy Cross
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2013 InTech
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Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those
of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published
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use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Danijela Duric
Technical Editor InTech DTP team
Cover InTech Design team
First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Mood Disorders, Edited by Neşe Kocabaşoğlu
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0959-4

Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Murine Models for Developping an Individualized
Neuropsychopharmacotherapy Based on the Behaviour
Typology 1
Andreea Letitia Arsene, Niculina Mitrea, Dumitru Lupuliasa, Cristina
Manuela Dragoi, Alina Crenguta Nicolae, Ion-Bogdan Dumitrescu,
Dragos Florian Ciolan and Doina Draganescu
Chapter 2 Depression and Glucose Metabolism (Diabetes Mellitus) 23
Dagmar Breznoščáková and Iveta Nagyová
Chapter 3 Depression: Classification, Culture and the Westernisation of
Mental Illness 47
Kenneth Walsh and Wendy Cross
Chapter 4 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) of Depressive
Disorders 61
Irene Lehner-Adam and Bertalan Dudas
Chapter 5 Mitochondrial Functions in Mood Disorders 101
Jana Hroudová, Zdeněk Fišar and Jiří Raboch
Chapter 6 Long-Term Adaptive Changes Induced by Antidepressants:
From Conventional to Novel Therapies 145
Ouissame Mnie-Filali, Erika Abrial, Laura Lambás-Señas and Nasser
Haddjeri
Chapter 7 Biological Markers and Genetic Factors of Major Depressive
Disorder 181
Hwa-Young Lee and Yong-Ku Kim
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Mood Disorders and Mother-Infant Relationship – The
Supportive Role of a Midwife 197
Ana Polona Mivšek and Tita Stanek Zidarič
Chapter 9 Cognitive Functions in Euthymic Bipolar Patients
and Lithium 221
Aleksandra Suwalska and Dorota Łojko
Chapter 10 Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Mood Disorders:
Why and How to Provide Supplementation? 241
Alfonso Valenzuela and Rodrigo Valenzuela
Chapter 11 Neuronal Insulin Receptor Signaling: A Potential Target for the
Treatment of Cognitive and Mood Disorders 263
Toshihiko Yanagita, Takayuki Nemoto, Shinya Satoh, Norie
Yoshikawa, Toyoaki Maruta, Seiji Shiraishi, Chihiro Sugita and
Manabu Murakami
Preface
If we look at the history of development of the science of psychiatry in the world we will see
that the important change and developments have occurred in the last 50 years.
Mood disorders are thought to be a group of diseases which are mainly a result of disturb‐
ance of mood and it is also characterized by cognitive, psychomotor and interpersonal psy‐
cho-physiological disorders. These people lose self control and they have an extremely
distressed life.
Mood disorders are emotional tone disorders that affect perception of patients and their in‐
terest to themselves, others and environment profoundly.
In this book, we touched on different subjects, such as relationship of mood disorders with
mother-infant, mitochondrial functions, Omega 3 (DHA) and glycid metabolism. Also, we
paid attention to cognitive factors in euthymic BD with Lithium treatment. You will find the
topics interested which are focused on murine models for developing an individualized
neuropsychopharmacotherapy based on the behavior typology; relationships of mood disor‐
ders with biological markers; genetic factors; cognitive behavioral therapy; 5-HT system; de‐
pression-culture relationship; and neuronal insulin receptor signaling.
It can be said that the owners of different topics cooperate sincerely and prepared their own
issues with great precision in preparation of this book. Our common stance here is “what’s
new on the agenda under the heading of Mood Disorders” and what our friends are doing.
However, we know that the reader wants to reach more comprehensive and detailed infor‐
mation, here a feature of the scientist is acceptance of each resource in his hands as a new
starting point.
I thank to all of those who have contributed during the publication of this book, to all my
colleagues named on this book, to Publishing Process Manager Silvia Vlase and Head of Pro‐
duction Ms. Danijela Duric. They facilitated the duty of the editor with their careful work.
This book is dedicated to people who have psychiatric problems and people who care for them.
Prof. Dr. Neşe Kocabaşoğlu
Istanbul University,
Faculty of Medicine,
Department of Psychiatry
Istanbul / Turkey

Chapter 1
Murine Models for Developping an Individualized
Neuropsychopharmacotherapy Based on the Behaviour
Typology
Andreea Letitia Arsene, Niculina Mitrea,
Dumitru Lupuliasa, Cristina Manuela Dragoi,
Alina Crenguta Nicolae, Ion-Bogdan Dumitrescu,
Dragos Florian Ciolan and Doina Draganescu
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53323
1. Introduction
A drug administered in the same dosage, under similar conditions, to adult individuals
from a population homogeneous in race, gender and age, triggers different pharmacological
effects. This phenomenon represents the pharmacological variability in a relatively homoge‐
neous population, as a natural expression of the biological variability of the response to any
stimulus. The cause of the pharmacological variability to a drug is often considerably differ‐
ent between the individuals of the same population. The pharmacology variability (pharma‐
cokinetics, pharmaco-dynamics and pharmaco-toxicological) is therefore of two types: inter-
individual (on population level) and, respectively, intra-individual (on individual level).
General mechanisms of the pharmacological variability
They can be grouped into: pharmacokinetic mechanisms (variations in the drug concentra‐
tions in the plasma and in the substrate receptor) and pharmaco-dynamic mechanisms (var‐
iations regarding the drug-receptor substrate complex).
Pharmacokinetic mechanisms of the pharmacological variability
The variations in the drug concentrations in plasma and on the level of the receptor sub‐
strate represent the pharmacokinetic variability which contributes to the pharmaco-dynam‐
ic, pharmaco-therapeutic and pharmaco-toxicological variability. The cases are represented
2 Mood Disorders
by inter and intra-individual differences, in the rate of the physiological processes: absorp‐
tion; distribution (transport, diffusion, storage); epuration (biotransformation, excretion).
The most extensive and complex pharmacokinetic variability is manifested in the biotrans‐
formation process, being caused by the following phenomena: enzyme induction or inhibi‐
tion, induced by various factors including by the inducing drugs or enzyme inhibitors;
enzymopathies genetically determined.
Pharmaco-dynamic mechanisms of the pharmacological variability
The variations regarding the complex drug- receptor substrate induce the pharmaco-toxico‐
logical and pharmaco-dynamic variability. The causes are represented by inter-intra-indi‐
vidual differences, in the functional state of the receptor system (R) - the effect on the
number and the binding capacity of R, the state of intermediate links in the chain of the re‐
ceptor-effector system and to the physiological agonist concentrations (chemical mediator )
and certain ions in the R level.
The biological variability in the functional state of the receptor-effector system is determined
by the following phenomena: desensitization of R ("down" - adjustment) or sensitization of
R ("up" - adjustment), caused by various factors, including the agonist drugs and the antago‐
nists drugs or of illnesses of the receptors (autoimmune diseases, genetic diseases, aberra‐
tions induced by mutagens and oncogenes drugs, diseases of the link of coupling R –
effector, represented by Gs protein).
The types of pharmacological variability
In accordance with these multiple mechanism generating individual reactivity on the drug
effect, the pharmacological variability can be classified into several types:
• By the criterion of the area of expansion of the population: inter-individual and intra-indi‐
vidual variability.
• By the criterion of the appearance time: congenital and acquired variability;
• By the criterion of the statistical classification: normal, uni-modal variability (Gaussian
type) and abnormal (bimodal or multimodal).
From a statistical viewpoint (reported on the average response of most individuals), the
pharmacological variability is manifested either uni-modal (Gaussian) or polimodal.
• The normalvariability depends on the physiological type (CNS type, endocrine, metabolic,
etc.) and on the ability to physiological control the enzyme functions (induction and en‐
zyme inhibition) and the receptors ("up" and "down" adjustment). The normal relation‐
ship between the intensity of the pharmaco-dynamic effect (the response) and the number
of the individuals from a community which respond with the same intensity, on the same
dose of medication, it is represented in Cartesian graph by the frequency-distribution curve.
• The abnormal variability is the consequence of the genetic diseases (receptoropaties and en‐
zymopathies) or the immunological mechanisms (allergic and autoimmune). In this case,
the normal frequency-distribution curve with the allure of a bell looks bimodal, trimodal
or even multimodal.