Monitoring of Indian Aquatic Resources: MINARS

305 Pages·2011·13.13 MB·English

Monitoring of Indian Aquatic Resources
Series: MINARS/ /2009-10

STATUS OF WATER
QUALITY IN INDIA- 2009

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar,
Delhi-110 032
Website : http://www.cpcb.nic.in e-mail : [email protected]

CONTRIBUTIONS

Supervision and Co-ordination : Shri J.S. Kamyotra, Member Secretary
Dr. D.D. Basu, Scientist `E’
Mr. R.M. Bhardwaj, Scientist `D’

Report Preparation : Ms. Sandhya Shrivastava, Junior Research Fellow
Ms. Shweta Gaur, Junior Research Fellow
Ms. Garima Dublish, Senior Research Fellow
Mr. Ankur Rajpal, Senior Research Fellow
Ms. Alpana Narula, Junior Scientific Assistant
Ms. Suniti Parashar, Senior Scientific Assistant
Data Entry By : Mr.Rakesh Kumar, Data Entry Operator
Ms.Sarita Kumari, Data Entry Operator
CONTENTS

Page

Executive Summary I-XII

Introduction & Methodology of National Water Quality Monitoring
Chapter I 1-14
Programme
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water resources of India
1.2.1 Surface Water
1.2.2 Ground Water
1.3 Water Quality Monitoring Programme
1.3.1 Objectives
1.3.2 Monitoring Network
1.3.3 Parameters Observed
1.3.4 Frequency of Monitoring
1.3.5 River Basin wise Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations
1.4 Approach to Water Quality Management
1.4.1 Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Reaches in River

Chapter II Water Quality Trend in India 15-23
2.1 Water Quality Trend 2009
2.2 Biochemical Oxygen Dem& (BOD)
2.3 Total Coliform (TC)
2.4 Faecal Coliform (FC)
2.5 Water Quality Trend (1995-2009)
2.6 Water quality Trend of BOD in Rivers

Chapter III Water Quality of Rivers at a Glance 24-33
3.1 Observed Water Quality
3.2 Organic & Pathogenic Pollution
3.3 Other parameters
3.4 Groundwater Quality

Chapter IV Identification of Polluted River Stretches 34-35
4.1 Concept of water quality management
4.2 Methodology & criteria for identification of polluted stretches

Chapter V Water Quality of Rivers in Indus Basin 36-45
5.1 Indus River System
5.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Indus Basin
5.2.1 Water Quality of river Beas
5.2.2 Water Quality of river Satluj
Water Quality of tributary streams Ravi, Parvati, Largi, Sirsa, Swan, Siuel,
5.2.3
Suketi Khad, Neugal, Binwa, Tawi & Chenab
Page

Chapter VI Water Quality of Rivers in Ganga Basin 46-72
6.1 Ganga River System
6.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Ganga Basin
6.2.1 Water Quality of river Ganga
6.2.2 Water Quality of river Yamuna
6.2.2.1 Major Water Quality Segments
6.2.2.2 Critical Segments
6.2.2.3 Water Quality of river Yamuna
Water Quality of tributary streams Ramganga, Gomti, Sai, Saryu,
6.2.3
Ghaghara, Rihand, Gandak, Daha, Sirsa, Farmar & Burhigandak
Water Quality of tributary streams Kalinadi (E), Kali (W), Hindon, Betwa,
6.2.4 Kalisot, Chambal, Tons, Gohad Dam, Khan, Batta, Kolar, Kshipra, Sankh,
Sindh, Sone, Churni, Rapti, Sikrana, Dhous & Govind Sagar
Water Quality of tributary streams Barakar, Rupanarayan, Mahananda,
Bokaro, Konar, Dwarakeshwar, Dwarka, Harbora, Jalangi, Kamala, Kansi,
6.2.5
Koshi, Manusmar, Matha Bhanga, Mayurkashi, Ramrekha, Silabati &
Vindhyadhari

Chapter VII Water Quality of Rivers in Brahmaputra Basin 73-85
7.1 Brahmaputra River System
7.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Brahmaputra Basin
7.2.1 Water Quality of river Brahmaputra
7.2.2 Water Quality of River Dhansiri and its tributary atreams Dzu & Chathe
Water Quality of tributary atreams Subansiri, Kharsang, Burhidihing,
7.2.3 Pagldia, Digboi, Jai Bharali, Kolong, Manas, Disang, Jhanji, Bhogdoi, Mora
Bharali, Borak, Bharalu, Deepar Beel & Kathakal
Water Quality of tributary streams Teesta, Dikchu, Maney Khola, Ranichu,
7.2.4 Kundli, Dikhow, Kohora, Boginadi, Ranga, Pachnai, Kapili, Beki, Sankosh,
Barak, Sonai, Kushiyara Karola & Kaljani

Chapter VIII Water Quality of Rivers in Mahi Basin 86-89
8.1 Mahi River System
8.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Mahi Basin
Water Quality of River Mahi and its tributary streams Anas, Shivna,
8.2.1
Jammer, Malei & Chillar

Chapter IX Water Quality of Rivers in Sabarmati Basin 90-97
9.1 Sabarmati River System
9.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Sabarmati Basin
9.2.1 Water Quality of River Sabarmati
9.2.2 Water Quality of tributary streams Shedi & Khari

Chapter X Water Quality of Rivers in Narmada Basin 98-104
10.1 Narmada River System
10.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Narmada Basin
Water Quality of River Narmada and its tributary streams Chota Tawa,
10.2.1
Kunda, Gour & Katni
Page

Chapter XI Water Quality of Rivers in Tapi Basin 105-115
11.1 Tapi River System
11.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Tapi Basin
Water Quality of River Tapi and its tributary streams Girna, Rangavali, Kim
11.2.1
& Denwa

Chapter XII Water Quality of Rivers in Mahanadi Basin 116-130
12.1 Mahanadi River System
12.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Mahanadi Basin
12.2.1 Water Quality of River Mahanadi
Water Quality of tributary streams Seonath, Kharoon, Hasdeo, Arpa, Kelo,
12.2.2
Ib,Bheden, Kuakhai, Kathajodi,Tel And Birupa

Chapter XIII Water Quality of Rivers in Brahmani & Baitarni Basin 131-140
13.1 Brahmani & Baitarni River System
13.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Brahmani & Baitarni Basin
Water Quality of River Brahmani and its tributary streams Koel, Karo,
13.3
Sankha, Kharasrota & Aul
13.4 Water Quality of River Baitarni and its tributary Kusei

Chapter XIV Water Quality of Rivers in Subarnarekha Basin 141-143
14.1 Subarnarekha River System
14.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Subarnarekha Basin
14.3 Water Quality of River Subarnarekha and its tributary Jumar

Chapter XV Water Quality of Rivers in Godavari Basin 144-165
15.1 Godavari River System
15.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Godavari Basin
15.2.1 Water Quality of River Godavari
Water Quality in triburaty streams Indravati, Shankini, Manjeera, Maner,
15.2.2
Wardha, Wainganga, Kolar, Kanhan, Purna, Nira, Kinnersani & Sabari

Chapter XVI Water Quality of Rivers in Krishna Basin 166-188
16.1 Krishna River System
16.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Krishna Basin
16.2.1 Water Quality of River Krishna
16.2.2 Water Quality of tributary streams Panchganga & Bhima
Water Quality of tributary streams Ghatprabha, Malprabha, Nira, Venna,
Koyna, Mula, Mula-Mutha, Mutha, Pawana, Indrayani, Tunghabhadra,
16.2.3
Tungha, Bhadra, Musi, Palleru, Muneru, Chandrabhaga, Kagina,
Nakkavagu, Hundri & Kundu

Chapter XVII Water Quality of Rivers in Penneru Basin 189-192
17.1 Penneru River System
17.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Penneru Basin
17.2.1 Water Quality of River Penneru
Page

Chapter XVIII Water Quality of Rivers in Cauvery Basin 193-200
18.1 Cauvery River System
18.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Cauvery Basin
18.2.1 Water Quality of river Cauvery
Water Quality of tributary streams Yagachi, Hemavati, Shimsa, Akravati,
18.2.2
Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Bhavani And Amravati

Chapter XIX Water Quality of Medium & Minor Rivers, Canals & Creeks 201-216
19.1 Medium & Minor River System
19.2 Water Quality of Medium & Minor Rivers in Gujarat & Daman
19.3 Water Quality of Medium & Minor Rivers in Goa & Maharashtra
19.4 Water Quality of Medium & Minor Rivers in Kerala
Water Quality of Medium & Minor Rivers in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa,
19.5
Pondicherry, Tamilnadu & Karnataka
Water Quality of Medium & Minor Rivers in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab,
19.6
Haryana, Chandigarh & Rajasthan
Water Quality of Medium & Minor Rivers in Manipur, Mizoram,
19.7
Meghalaya & Tripura
19.8 Water Quality of Creeks, Sea Water, Canals & Drains
19.8.1 Water Quality of Creeks & Sea Water
19.8.2 Water Quality of Canals & Drains

Chapter XX Water Quality of Lakes, Tanks & Ponds 217-225
20.1 Lantic Water Bodies
Water Quality of Lakes, Tanks & Ponds in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
20.2
Kerala, Tamilnadu, Pondicherry & Goa
Water Quality of Lake, Pond & Tank in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh &
20.3
Rajasthan
Water Quality of Lake, Pond & Tank in Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal
20.4
Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa & West Bengal
Water Quality of Lake, Pond & Tank in Assam, Manipur, Tripura &
20.5
Meghalaya

Chapter XXI Assessment of Groundwater Quality 226-242
21.1 Ground Water Quality Monitoring
21.2 State wise Groundwater Quality Monitoring
21.3 Status of Ground Water Quality in Andhra Pradesh
21.4 Status of Ground Water Quality in Assam
21.5 Status of Ground Water Quality in Mizoram
21.6 Status of Ground Water Quality in Manipur
21.7 Status of Ground Water Quality in Tripura
21.8 Status of Ground Water Quality in Chhattisgarh
21.9 Status of Ground Water Quality in Madhya Pradesh
21.10 Status of Ground Water Quality in Himachal Pradesh
21.11 Status of Ground Water Quality in Chandigarh
21.12 Status of Ground Water Quality in Punjab
21.13 Status of Ground Water Quality in Kerala
Page

21.14 Status of Ground Water Quality in Tamil Nadu
21.15 Status of Ground Water Quality in Pondicherry
21.16 Status of Ground Water Quality in Daman
21.17 Status of Ground Water Quality in Dadra Nagar Haveli
21.18 Status of Ground Water Quality in Maharashtra
21.19 Status of Ground Water Quality in Gujarat
21.20 Status of Ground Water Quality in Rajasthan
21.21 Status of Ground Water Quality in Uttar Pradesh
21.22 Status of Ground Water Quality in Orissa
21.23 Status of Ground Water Quality in Bihar
21.24 Status of Ground Water Quality in West Bengal
• Annexure-I Water Quality Data Page 1-38
• River Basins -Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahi, Sabarmati, Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Brahmani
and Baitarni, Subarnarekha, Godavari, Krishna, Penneru & Cauvery
• Medium & Minor Rivers, Canals, Creeks/Sea water and Drains
• Statewise - Lakes, Tanks and Ponds
• Statewise – Groundwater
Annexure-II River Basin wise distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The water quality data on rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater locations being
monitored under the network is evaluated against the water quality criteria and the
monitoring locations in exceedence with respect to one or more parameters are identified
as polluted and require action for restoration of water quality. The locations on rivers,
lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater not meeting the criteria are summarized briefly in
this chapter.

The monitoring results obtained during 2009 indicate that organic pollution continues to
be the predominant pollution of aquatic resources. The organic pollution measured in
terms of bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) & Coliform bacterial count gives the
indication of extent of water quality degradation in different parts of our country. It is
observed that nearly 64% of the observations are having BOD less than 3 mg/l, 19%
between 3-6 mg/l & 17% above 6 mg/l. Similarly Total & Faecal coliform which indicate
presence of pathogens in water are also a major concern. About 49% observations are
having Total Coliforms and 70% observations are having Faecal Coliform less than 500
MPN /100 ml.

Water Body Wise Status - Rivers

• Water quality of river Beas at D/s Mandi in Himachal Pradesh and river Satluj at U/s
& D/s of Budhanala in Ludhiana, Boat Bridge Dharmkotnakodar Road, Bridge
Harike, U/s & D/s Hussianwala, D/s Kiratpur Sahib and D/s of East Bein in Jalandhar
found deteriorated and degraded as compared to stipulated requirement.

• River Ganga at Kanpur U/s & D/s, Bhagirathi at Gangotri, Bhagirathi B/c with
Alaknanda at Devprayag, Alkananda A/c with Bhagirathi at Devprayag, Mandakini
B/c Alkalnada at Rudraprayag, Alkananda B/c to Bhagirathi at Devprayag,
Alkananda A/c Mandakini at Rudraprayag, Alkananda B/c Mandakini at Rudra
Prayag, Garhmukteshwar, Varanasi U/s & D/s, Confluence of Sone (Doriganj-
Chapra), Rishikesh, Haridwar, Bithoor, Kannauj U/s & D/s, Allahabad D/s,
Allahabad (Rasoolabad), Dalmau , Narora, Kala Kankar, Indrapuri (Dehri on Sone),
Trighat, Tribeni on Ganga, Buxar, Buxar (Ramrekhaghat), Patna U/s & D/s,
Darbhanga Ghat (Patna), Mokama U/s & D/s, Sultanganj (Bhagalpur), Bhagalpur,
Nabadip on Ganga, Ghoshpara, Kahalgaon, Munger, Diamond Harbour,
Dakshineshwar, Howrah-Shivpur, Garden Reach, Palta, Serampore, Uluberia,
Baharampore is not meeting the desired water quality for bathing. The water quality
of river Yamuna is deteriorated at U/s Dak Patthar, Wazirabad, Agra U/s & D/s,
Bateshwar, Etawah, Juhika, Nizamuddin, Okhla bridge, Okhla after meeting of
Shahdara drain, Mazawali, Mathura U/s & D/s, Kalanaur, Sonepat, U/s Paonta Sahib,
Hamirpur, Hathnikund , U/s of Lakhwar Dam, Shyama Chatti & Yamunotri. After the
intake point of Wazirabad Barrage river Yamuna does not confirm to criteria for
beneficial uses for over 500 km that extends beyond Etawah. Water quality at Okhla,
Nizammudin Bridge is worst affected due to high BOD and Ammonia in the river
Yamuna. Other tributaries having higher concentration of pollutants are Gomti at