Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution

264 Pages·2011·35.25 MB·English

by  Andrzej G. Chmielewski (Ed.)

MONITORING, CONTROL
AND EFFECTS OF
AIR POLLUTION

Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski
Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution
Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski

Published by InTech
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First published August, 2011
Printed in Croatia

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Monitoring, Control and Effects of Air Pollution, Edited by Andrzej G. Chmielewski
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-526-6
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Emission and Transformation of Air Pollutants 1
Chapter 1 Generation and Dispersion of Total Suspended
Particulate Matter Due to Mining Activities
in an Indian Opencast Coal Project 3
Ratnesh Trivedi, M. K. Chakraborty and B. K. Tewary
Chapter 2 Secondary Acidification 15
Mizuo Kajino and Hiromasa Ueda
Part 2 Air Pollution Monitoring and Modelling 39
Chapter 3 Gas Sensors for Monitoring Air Pollution 41
Kwang Soo Yoo
Chapter 4 Development of Low-Cost Network
of Sensors for Extensive In-Situ
and Continuous Atmospheric CO2 Monitoring 59
Kuo-Ying Wang, Hui-Chen Chien and Jia-Lin Wang
Chapter 5 Aerosol Optical Thickness and PM10 Study
by Using a Handheld Spectroradiometer Over Penang 73
Tan Fuyi, Lim Hwee San,
Mohd. Zubir Mat Jafri and K. Abdullah
Chapter 6 Remote Sensing of PM2.5 Over Penang Island
from Satellite Measurements 81
Sim Chong Keat, Lim Hwee San,
Khiruddin Abdullah and Mohd. Zubir Mat Jafri
Chapter 7 Photoacoustic Measurements of Black Carbon Light
Absorption/Scattering Coefficients and Visibility
Degradation in Jordan During 2007/2008 93
Khadeejeh M. Hamasha
VI Contents

Chapter 8 PM Source Apportionment Applying Material
2.5
Balance and Receptor Models in the MAMC 103
V. Mugica, R. Vallesa, J. Aguilar, J. Figueroa and F. Mugica
Part 3 Air Pollution in Office and Public Transport Vehicles 119
Chapter 9 Emission and Formation of Fine Particles from
Hardcopy Devices: the Cause of Indoor Air Pollution 121
David D. Massey and Ajay Taneja
Chapter 10 In-Office Dispersion and Exposure
to Contaminants Originating from an Unfolded Letter 135
Alfred D. Eisner, Russell W. Wiener and Jacky Rosati
Part 4 Effect of Air Pollutants on Historical Objects 151
Chapter 11 Air Pollution and Cultural Heritage: Searching for
“The Relation Between Cause and Effect” 153
Eleni Metaxa
Chapter 12 Effect of Air Pollution
on Archaeological Buildings in Cairo 179
Mohamed Kamal Khallaf
Chapter 13 Influence of Air Pollution on Degradation
of Historic Buildings at the Urban Tropical Atmosphere
of San Francisco de Campeche City, México 201
Javier Reyes, Francisco Corvo, Yolanda Espinosa-Morales,
Brisvey Dzul, Tezozomoc Perez, Cecilia Valdes,
Daniel Aguilar and Patricia Quintana
Part 5 Plasma Technologies for Air Pollution Control 227
Chapter 14 Plasma-Based Depollution of Exhausts:
Principles, State of the Art and Future Prospects 229
Ronny Brandenburg, Hana Barankova, Ladislav Bardos,
Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Miroslaw Dors, Helge Grosch,
Marcin Hołub, Indrek Jõgi, Matti Laan, Jerzy Mizeraczyk,
Andrzej Pawelec and Eugen Stamate

Preface

The municipal and industrial activities of the man affects human health, leads to
degradation of the environment and even degradation of the objects built by himself or
his predecessors. The pollutants are emitted to the atmosphere with off-gases from
industry, power stations, residential heating systems and vehicles, some additional
emissions come from the natural sources as volcanoes as well. Fossil fuels, which include
coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale oil and bitumen are the main source of heat, electrical
energy and are the basic duels for the engines of the transport vehicles. All these fuels
contain beside major constituents (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) other materials as metal,
sulfur and nitrogen compounds. During the combustion process different pollutants as
fly ash, sulfur oxides ( SOx = SO2 and SO3), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO) and
volatile organic compounds are emitted. Fly ash contains different trace elements (heavy
metals). Gross emission of pollutants is tremendous all over the world. These pollutants
are present in the atmosphere in such conditions that they can affect man and his
environment. The books addresses the subjects related to the selected aspects of
pollutants emission, monitoring and their effects. The most of recent publications
concentrated on the review of the pollutants emissions from industry, especially power
sector. In this one emissions from opencast mining and transport are addressed as well.
Beside of SOx and NOx emissions, small particles and other pollutants (e.g. VOC,
ammonia) have adverse effect on environment and human being. The natural emissions
(e.g. from volcanoes) has contribution to the pollutants concentration and atmospheric
chemistry governs speciation of pollutants, as in the case of secondary acidification. The
methods of ambient air pollution monitoring based on modern instrumentation allow
the verification of dispersion models and balancing of mass emissions. The comfort of
everyday human’s activity is influenced by indoor and public transport vehicles interior
air contamination, which is effected even by the professional appliances operation. The
outdoor pollution leads to cultural heritage objects deterioration, the mechanism are
studied and the methods of rehabilitation developed. However to prevent emissions the
new technologies are being developed, the new class of these technologies are plasma
processes, which are briefly reviewed at the final part of the book.

Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski
Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
Warsaw, Poland