Molecular Origins of Brain and Body Geometry: Plato's Concept of Reality is Reversed PDF
Preview Molecular Origins of Brain and Body Geometry: Plato's Concept of Reality is Reversed
Antonio Lima-de-Faria Molecular Origins of Brain and Body Geometry Plato's Concept of Reality is Reversed Molecular Origins of Brain and Body Geometry ThiSisaFMBlankPage Antonio Lima-de-Faria Molecular Origins of Brain and Body Geometry Plato’s Concept of Reality is Reversed Prof.Dr.AntonioLima-de-Faria LundUniversityDepartmentofCellandOrganismBiology BiologyBuilding So¨lvegatan35 SE-22362 Lund Sweden Privateaddress: Trumslagaregra¨nd10 SE-22639Lund Sweden ISBN978-3-319-06055-2 ISBN978-3-319-06056-9(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-06056-9 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014950216 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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ThanksarealsoduetotheEditorsofSpringerwhoacceptedthetwomanuscriptswithout reservationonthesolebasisofanoutlineandasamplechapter:SeniorPublishingEditorDr. Meran Owen (“Molecular Geometry of Body Pattern in Birds”, Springer 2012), Editorial Director Dr. Hanna Hensler-Fritton, Editor Dr. Verena Penning and Dr. Lars Koerner (the presentwork). Iwould like tothankmy colleagues for valuablesupport: Professor Dr.Harry Scherthan, Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Munich, Germany; Doctor Josep del Hoyo, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain and Professor Dr. Walter Sachsse, Institut fu¨r Molekulargenetik,UniversityofMainz,Germany. “PermissionForms”weresentbyAirMailtoallPublisherstorequestpermissiontousethe figuresincludedinthiswork.Mostpublishersdidnotdemandafee,somekindlymadea60% reduction.Otherpublishersdemandedafeewhichwaspayed immediatelyasthebookwent intopress.The”SourcesofFigures”areattheendofeverychapter. v ThiSisaFMBlankPage Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 UnintentionallytheResearchontheMolecularGeometryofVertebrates LedtoPlato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 APlethoraofGenesAllowstoMapBodyPatternandBrainFunctionsin Vertebrates.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 1.3 TheImpressiveColoredMarkingsofBirdsCombinedwithGenetic EvidenceWeretheStartingPointthatLedtoMolecularGeometry. . . . . 1 1.4 TheMolecularGeometryWasSearchedAcrosstheOther Vertebrates.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 2 1.5 WhatIsaVertebrate?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.6 NoTraitinVertebratesIsRandom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.7 TheUnifyingPowerofGeometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PartI TheSkeleton:ThePrimaryStructurethatSetsVertebratesApart–Isan EvasiveStructure 2 Well-DefinedGeometricPatternsAppearedinAnimalEvolution IndependentlyoftheSkeleton. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 7 2.1 RegularColorPatternsAroseinInsectsExhibitingtheSameFeaturesthat LaterAppearedinVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 SpidersAreAlsoCoveredbyExquisiteGeometricPatternsthatFollowthe SameTypeofDistribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 AstonishingGenePermanenceThroughoutVertebratesandtheOriginofthe Skeleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1 MostoftheHumanGenomeCanBeRecognizedinPrimitiveLancelet Animals:ExtremeGeneConservationThroughoutChordateEvolutionthat DatesBackHalfaBillionYears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2 TheDawnofMammals:CombinationofReptilianandMammalian CharactersinPlatypusWhoseDNAHasBeenSequenced. . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.3 GenePermanenceandImpressiveDNASimilarityAllowedthe DivergenceBetweenNakedMoleRatsandHumans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.4 OurIgnoranceoftheOriginofHumans:TheRelationshiptoChimpanzees andGorillasRemainsElusiveAsDisclosedbyDNASequencing. . . . . . 13 3.5 WeAreFarfromUnderstandingMammalianPhylogeneticTrees: MorphologicalandMolecularStudiesConvergeinanAttempttoElucidate Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.6 ContrarytoExpectationtheNumberofGenesIsNotaGoodIndicatorof EvolutionSinceItTurnsOuttoBeHigherinPlantsandInvertebratesthan inHumans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.7 TheNumberofChromosomesIsNeitheraReliableSourceSinceItVaries DrasticallyinCloselyRelatedSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 vii viii Contents 3.8 TheOriginoftheSkeleton:TheEmergenceoftheVertebratesAsWellAs TheirEvolutionAreFilledwithQuestionMarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.9 TheSkeletonIsUndertheControlofHoxGenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.10 However,HoxGenesDoNotParticipateDirectlyintheFormationofthe SkullWhichIsaMajorComponentoftheSkeleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.11 TheVertebratesChangedfromFinstoLimbs:ASkeletonTransformation NotyetUnderstoodinGeneticTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4 SomeoftheMostImportantExternalOrgansinMammalsHave NoSkeleton.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 21 4.1 ExternalOrgansinMammals,SuchAsthePenis,MayHaveBonesorLack Them,yetPerformVitalFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2 TheImposingHumpsofCamelsandtheLargeFinsofWhalesHaveNo Skeleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 21 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5 BodyGeometryFollowstheSkeletonOnlyPartially. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1 ARhinoceros’BodyConfigurationIsaKeytotheUnderstandingofthe RelationshipBetweenSkeletonandBodyPartition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.2 TheMosaicPatternoftheCivetCanBeDividedinto10Different Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.3 TheZebraIsaLessoninGeometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.4 BodyColorationinRelationtotheSkeletoninBirds,Reptiles,Amphibians andFish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 PartII TheGeometryoftheVertebrateBodyTakestheFormofParallelStripes andConcentricCirclesWhichAretheProductsofMolecularCascades 6 LongitudinalandTransversalStripesinVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1 TropicalFish,TurtlesandZebrasHavePatternsAsExquisiteAsThoseof Birds-of-Paradise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.2 ParallelStripesFollowingtheHead–TailAxisinVertebrates. . . . . . . . . 31 6.3 LinesRunningat90(cid:1) totheMainBodyAxis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6.4 IndependenceofBandOrientationWhithintheSameIndividual. . . . . . . 34 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7 TheGeometricPatternsofZebrasandofTransgenicMiceAreDirectedby SpecificGenes:TheGeometryofMammalsBecomesAlsoMolecular. . . . . . 37 7.1 EarlierInterpretationsoftheZebra’sConfiguration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 7.2 GeneticEvidencefortheOccurrenceofThreeSeparateBodyPatternsin ZebrasAsaResultofCrossesBetweenDonkeysandZebras. . . . . . . . . 37 7.3 ParallelStripesCanBecomeConcentricCirclesandCanRotate90(cid:1). . . . 40 7.4 ChimaericandTransgenicMiceElucidatetheZebraPattern. . . . . . . . . . 40 7.5 GenesResponsibleforColorVariationinMammalsHaveBeenDNA SequencedandExplaintheAlternatingOccurrenceofWhiteandBlack Stripes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8 TheEye:AMainCenterofCircularitywithImplicationsforDevelopment andEvolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.1 TheEyeAroseBeforetheBrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.2 InsteadofHavingEyesSeaUrchinsSeewithMostofTheirBody:DNA SequencingLocatedTwoPhotoreceptorGenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8.3 TheEvolutionoftheEyeHasBeenDirectedbyMolecularCascades. . . 46 Contents ix 8.4 EyesCanMigrateAlongtheBodyandThereAreFisheswith FourEyes. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . 46 8.5 TheSameMolecule(RetinoicAcid)HasaPrimaryRoleinBothEyeand BodyDevelopmentDisclosingtheFundamentalRoleoftheEyeinBody Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 8.6 EyeLensesGrowLikeTreeTrunksbyAddingNewLayersofCells. . . . 47 8.7 TheCircularityoftheVertebrateEye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 8.8 CircularityExtendingfromtheEyetoOtherPartsoftheHead inMammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8.9 GeneticInterventionHasProducedFlieswithExtraLegsand ExtraWings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8.10 UnexpectedlytheEyeTurnedOuttoBeAbletoOccupytheMost ExtraordinaryPositionsRevealingPlasticityandUnityofBody Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 9 TheCircularityoftheVertebrateBody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.1 CircularityinFossilandLivingMammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.2 CircularityinBirdsTakesAnotherFormDuetothePresence ofFeathers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 9.3 TurtlesandRaysTendtoBeHighlyCircularandGeometric. . . . . . . . . 53 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 10 ConcentricCirclesAreaGeneralFeatureofVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 10.1 AnimalswithDrabColorsDominateintheNorthernHemisphere. . . . . . 57 10.2 LargeConcentricCirclesHaveParticularLocationsAlongtheBodyof FishesandTurtlesandOccurAsWellinOtherVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . 57 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 11 TwoPolesofCircularity:Head–NeckandRump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 11.1 InReptilesNeckandRumpHaveaParticularCircularityNotConnected withtheSkeleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 11.2 Head–NeckandRumpDisplayIdenticalCircularPatternsinMammals. . . 61 11.3 TheTwoPolesofCircularitySeemtoHaveaGeneticBasis. . . . . . . . . . 62 11.4 TheMainGeometricFeaturesoftheVertebrateBodyCanBeCondensed inGraphicForm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 11.5 TheConstructionoftheGeometricDiagramFollowsSolelytheOrdered PatternFoundinVertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 11.6 TheThirdEyeLocatedontheTopoftheHeadinReptiles“Represents Evolution’sEarlierApproachtoPhotoreception”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 11.7 ThisEyeFunctionsAsaSkyPolarizationCompassthatSensesUltraviolet Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 11.8 SimilaritiesandDifferencesBetweenVertebrateandCrystal Geometries. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 68 SourcesofFigures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 PartIII Geometry:AnObsessionoftheAnimalandHumanMinds 12 SciencefromItsOnsettothePresentHasBeenPervadedbyGeometry. . . . 75 12.1 TheFundamentalSimplicityofGeometryIsDemonstratedbytheOrigin ofItsCurves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 12.2 ItIsNotbyAccidentthattheSudaneseandEgyptianPyramidsRemained NearlyIntactforover4,000Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 12.3 TheEvolutionofthePyramids:TheHumanMindinSearchofPerfect GeometricSolids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
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