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Molecular Machines and Motors PDF

307 Pages·2001·6.55 MB·English
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99 Structure and Bonding Editorial Board: A.J. Bard" I.G. Dance-P. Day" J.A. Ibers- T. Kunitake T.J. Meyer" D.M.P. Mingos" H.W. Roesky J.-P. Sauvage" A. Simon" F. Wudl Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo Molecular Machines and Motors Volume Editor: J.-p. Sauvage With contributions by V. Amendola, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, L. Fabbrizzi, M.T. Gandolfi, J.K. Gimzewski, M. G6mez-Kaifer, C. Joachim, A.E. Kaifer, E. Katz, T.R. Kelly, J. Liu, C. Mangano, P. Pallavicini, A.R. Pease, L. Raehm, M. Sano, J.-P. Sauvage, J.P. Sestelo, A.N. Shipway, J.-F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, I. Willner ~ Springer The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table. It focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant. As a rule, contributions are specially commissioned. The editors and publishers will, however, always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Papers are accepted for Structure and Bonding in English. In references Structure and Bonding is abbreviated Struct Bond and is cited as a journal. Springer WWW home page: http://www.springer.de ISSN 0081-5993 ISBN 3-540-41382-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York CIP Data applied for This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science + Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Printed in Germany The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Scientific Publishing Services (P) Ltd, Madras Production editor: Christiane Messerschmidt, Rheinau Cover: Medio V. Leins, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10702298 02/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0 Volume Editor Professor Jean-Pierre Sauvage Universit6 Louis Pasteur Facult6 de Chimie Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Min&ale 4, Rue Blaise Pascal F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Prof. AUen I. Bard Prof. Ian G. Dance Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Department of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry University of Texas School of Chemistry 24th Street and Speedway University of New South Wales Austin, Texas 78712, USA Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia B-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Peter Day, FRS Prof. lames A. Ibers Director and Fullerian Professor of Chemistry Department of Chemistry The Royal Institution of Great Britain North Western University 21 Albemarle Street 2145 Sheridan Road London WIX 4BS, UK Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Toyohi Kunitake Prof. Thomas J. Meyer Faculty of Engineering: Department of Chemistry Department of Organic Synthesis University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kyushu University Venable and Kenan Laboratory CB 3290 Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA Fukuoka 812, lapan E-maik [email protected] E-maih [email protected] Prof. Herbert W. Roesky Prof. D. Michael P. Mingos Institut fiir Anorganische Chemie Principal der Universit~it GBttingen St. Edmund Hall Tammannstrafle 4 Oxford OX1 4AR, UK D-37077 GBttingen, Germany E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Jean-Pierre Sauvage Prof. Arndt Simon Facult~ de Chimie Laboratoires de Chimie Max-Planck-Institut fiir Organo-Min~rale Festktrperforschung Universit~ Louis Pasteur Heisenbergstrat~e 1 4, rue Blaise Pascal 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Fred Wudl Department of Chemistry University of California LosAngeles, CA 90024-1569, USA E-mail: [email protected] Preface The field of molecules in motion, for which movements and shape changes are triggered and controlled from outside, has been indisputably one of the most rapidly developing areas of the last decade. Clearly, molecular chemists in general are able to elaborate more and more complex species, as beautifully demonstrated by the synthesis of amazingly complicated natural products. For instance, the total synthesis of compounds such as taxol and brevetoxin B represents a formidable tour de force, as does that of many other recent examples. However, most of the time, once the compound has been made, the target has been reached. The synthesis of molecules for which given functions are to be expected and explored once sufficient amounts of the compounds are available, requires the interaction of several fields. The multidisciplinary aspect, involving various methodologies from synthesis to electro- and photochemistry, from surface science to spectroscopy and magnetic properties, allows the design and elaboration of molecular objects displaying new functions. Amongst the new functions that chemists want to introduce into their systems, motion is particularly important. In addition, a geometrical change will generally be accompanied by a modification of one or more properties (colour, lumines- cence, catalytic properties, etc...) which could be used as a testimony to the motion and also be of practical interest for future applications. The machine-like molecular assemblies available today, in large part from the outstanding contributions of the groups whose work is collected in this volume, are nevertheless still primitive, sometimes slow to move and may also lack complete reversibility. However, new and important concepts have been proposed which introduce a new dimension to molecular sciences. For the future, an important step will be to transpose what has been performed on large collections of molecules in solution to ordered 2D- and 3D-arrays and single molecules on a surface. The first three chapters of the present volume are focused on rotary motors. The first contribution discusses the possibility of elaborating single-molecule rotary machines, while the other two chapters deal with purely organic molecules or transition metal complexes in solution. Of particular note in the second chapter is the introduction by the authors of the important concept of directionality in rotary machines at the molecular level. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss recent examples of molecular systems in motion, based on transition VIII Preface metal complexes. Two important notions are introduced: associating a light emission signal with a motion and performing molecular hysteresis by electrochemical reactions. In the sixth chapter, the authors use, in particular, rotaxanes to discuss in-depth practical problems which could be associated with single-molecule devices and possible ways circumventing them. Chapter 7 is related to molecular machines which are set into motion using a photoinduced redox process. The authors of this chapter made an important contribution to popularising the term "molecular machine" at an early stage. Chapter 8 describes some work done by the author's group in the field of logic gates. It also discusses recent literature reports in connection with futuristic "molecular computers". Finally, the ninth and last chapter is related to potential information storage and processing devices, either in solution or on surfaces. It will provide the reader with a detailed discussion of possible future applications. Strasbourg, March 2001 Jean-Pierre Sauvage Contents Single Molecular Rotor at the Nanoscale C. Joachim, J.K. Gimzewski ................................ Rotary Motion in Single-Molecule Machines T.R. Kelly, J.P. Sestelo .................................... 19 Molecular Machines and Motors Based on Transition Metal-containing Catenanes and Rotaxanes L. Raehm, J.-P. Sauvage ................................... 55 Molecular Movements and Translocations Controlled by Transition Metals and Signaled by Light Emission V. Amendola, L. Fabbrizzi, C. Mangano, P. Pallavicini ............. 79 Molecular Hysteresis by Linkage Isomerizations Induced by Electrochemical Processes M. Sano .............................................. 117 Switchable Molecular Devices: From Rotaxanes to Nanopartides J. Liu, M. G6mez-Kaifer, A.E. Kaifer .......................... 141 Molecular-Level Artificial Machines Based on Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Processes R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M.T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi ....... 163 Computing at the Molecular Level A.R. Pease, J.F. Stoddart ................................... 189 Molecular Memory and Processing Devices in Solution and on Surfaces A.N. Shipway, E. Katz, I. Willner ............................ 237 Author Index Volumes 1-99 ............................... 283 Contents of Volume 96 Molecular Self-Assembly Organic Versus Inorganic Approaches Volume Editor: M. Fujita Part h Organic Assemblies The Utilization of Persistent H-Bonding Motifs in the Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Architectures M.J. Krische, J.-M. Lehn Controlling Hydrogen Bonding: From Molecular Recognition to Organogelation R.E. Mel6ndez, A.J. Carr, B.R. Linton, A.D. Hamilton Heteroaromatic Modules for Self-Assembly Using Multiple Hydrogen Bonds S.C. Zimmerman, P.S. Corbin Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals: Molecular Self-Assembly for Dynamically Functional Materials T. Kato Part Ih Inorganic Assemblies Synergistic Effect of Serendipity and Rational Design in Supramolecular Chemistry R.W. Saalfrank, E. Uller, B. Demleitner, I. Bernt Molecular Paneling Through Metal-Directed Self-Assembly M. Fujita Pythagorean Harmony in the World of Metal {Mol~} Oxygen Clusters of the Type: Giant Wheels and Spheres both Based on a Pentagonal Type Unit A. Miiller, P. K6gerler, H. 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The field of molecules in motion, for which movements and shape changes are triggered and controlled from outside, has been indisputably one of the most rapidly developing areas of the last decade. Clearly, molecular chemists in general are able to elaborate more and more complex species, as beautif
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