Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancy PDF
Preview Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancy
Current Human Cell Research and Applications Series Editors: Nariyoshi Shinomiya · Hiroaki Kataoka Yutaka Shimada Yutaka Shimada Katsuhiko Yanaga Editors Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancy Current Human Cell Research and Applications Series Editors: Nariyoshi Shinomiya Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, Saitama Japan Hiroaki Kataoka Department of Pathology University of Miyazaki Miyazaki, Japan Yutaka Shimada Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Japan This series covers basic and clinical research on human cells, including molecular diagnostics/targeted therapy, cell therapy, cancer stem cells, regenerative medicine, etc., and provides an up-to-date review of human-cell research. All volumes are contributed by leading experts in the field, and offer valuable resources for both cell biologists and clinical researchers in the areas of oncology, stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and clinical medicine including gynecology, gastroenterology, etc. Current Human Cell Research and Applications will be published in partnership with the Japan Human Cell Society. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15107 Yutaka Shimada • Katsuhiko Yanaga Editors Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancy Editors Yutaka Shimada Katsuhiko Yanaga Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery Department of Surgery Kyoto University Jikei University School of Medicine Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan Japan ISSN 2522-073X ISSN 2522-0748 (electronic) Current Human Cell Research and Applications ISBN 978-981-10-6468-5 ISBN 978-981-10-6469-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6469-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960825 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Recent advances in molecular biology have resulted in the mechanisms responsible for cancer progression being elucidated in detail, and molecular targeted drugs are now used in the treatment of various malignant diseases. Analyses of the molecular backgrounds of tumors are indispensable for the diagnosis and precise treatment of cancer. However, tumor-specific and comprehensive mechanisms are involved in these processes. This book focuses on these issues and provides information from the viewpoint of molecular biology and its clinical applications. The molecular mechanisms of thoracic and gastrointestinal malignancies and their clinical applications are also outlined. This book is primarily for clinical oncologists but is also relevant to basic oncologists. It may also attract clinicians who have an interest in this field and are considering the initiation of molecular diagnoses and targeted therapies. Although several good textbooks are currently available on molecular diagnoses and targeted therapies, our book places a strong emphasis on clinical applications from the viewpoint of oncologists specializing in specific organs. Furthermore, we focus on the role of molecular diagnoses and targeted therapies in the course of surgical treatment. We hope this book will provide timely and useful information to clinicians. Kyoto, Japan Yutaka Shimada Tokyo, Japan Katsuhiko Yanaga v Contents 1 Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Kazue Yoneda and Fumihiro Tanaka 2 Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting Therapy for Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Akira Tangoku, Takahiro Yoshida, Hirokazu Takechi, Masakazu Okumua, Misako Nakagawa, Masami Morimoto, Takeshi Nishino, Seiya Inoue, Toru Sawada, Mariko Aoyama, Naoki Miyamoto, Kohei Nishioka, Keisuke Fujimoto, and Hiroaki Toba 3 Clinical Application of Stem Cell Biology in Esophageal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Tomoyuki Okumura, Hirohumi Kojima, Tetsuji Yamaguchi, and Yutaka Shimada 4 Molecular Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy for Gastric Cancer . . . . 63 Nobuhisa Matsuhashi, Kazuhiro Yoshida, Kazuya Yamaguchi, and Toshiyuki Tanahashi 5 Colorectal Cancers Developed from Proximal and Distal Tumor Location Belong to the Distinct Genetic Entity and Show Different Oncologic Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Nagahide Matsubara 6 Evolving Immunotherapy Approaches for Hepatocellular Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Ken Takahashi and Hiroyuki Marusawa 7 Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting of Biliary Tract Cancer . . . . . . . 111 Kazuhiro Hanazaki, Masaya Munekage, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Takuhiro Kosaki, Toshiji Saibara, and Tsutomu Namikawa vii viii Contents 8 Molecular Analysis for Therapeutic Targets of Pancreatic Cancer . . 127 Shinji Tanaka 9 Molecular Targeted Therapy for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Izumi Komoto, Yohei Hosoda, and Masayuki Imamura Chapter 1 Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Lung Cancer Kazue Yoneda and Fumihiro Tanaka Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths associated with poor prognosis. Patients with advanced lung cancer had been “uniformly” treated with platinum-based cytotoxic chemotherapy, which had provided an only modest clini- cal benefit. However, recent advances in molecular diagnosis and systemic treat- ment targeting cancer hallmarks such as angiogenesis, oncogenic gene alteration, and evasion from cancer immunity have dramatically changed treatment strategies associated with a tremendous improvement in outcomes of lung cancer patients. Here, we review current status and future perspectives of molecular diagnosis and personalized “precision” medicine for lung cancer. Keywords Angiogenesis • Oncogenic alteration • EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) • ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) • Immune checkpoint inhibitor 1.1 Introduction Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1, 2]. Lung cancer is classified into several histologic categories including four major subtypes as follows: small cell lung cancer (SCLC, ~15%), squamous cell carcinoma (~25%), adenocarcinoma (~50%), and large cell carcinoma (~10%). SCLC is biologically and clinically distinct from other subtypes, as characterized by early lymphatic and K. Yoneda • F. Tanaka (*) Second Department of Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka 807-0804, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1 Y. Shimada, K. Yanaga (eds.), Molecular Diagnosis and Targeting for Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancy, Current Human Cell Research and Applications, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6469-2_1 2 K. Yoneda and F. Tanaka distant metastatic spread as well as by higher responsiveness to cytotoxic chemo- therapeutic agents [1, 3, 4]. The other histologic subtypes have been clinically cat- egorized as a whole into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), for which cytotoxic agents provided an only modest clinical benefit [1]. The optimal treatment for the cure of cancer patients is surgical removal, but less than 20% of lung cancer patients present with localized disease for which surgery may be indicated. The majority of patients present with metastatic disease and are treated with systemic treatment. During the last few decades, systemic chemother- apy using cytotoxic agents, especially platinum-doublet chemotherapy consisting a platinum agent (cisplatin or carboplatin) plus one non-platinum agent, has been employed as the “standard care of treatment” and has provided an only modest sur- vival benefit with the median overall survival (OS) of less than 2 years [1, 5–7]. However, recent discoveries of molecular hallmarks of cancer have changed our understanding of lung cancer, especially NSCLC, as a single disease to a disease comprising a variety of molecularly distinct subtypes, and novel agents targeting various cancer hallmarks have provided a tremendous improvement in treatment out- comes for NSCLC carrying specific targets [1, 8–13] (Table 1.1). Among them, the Table 1.1 Overview of molecular targets and targeting agents for lung cancer Agent Name Target Class Approved indicationa Angiogenesis inhibitors Bevacizumab VEGF Humanized Non-squamous NSCLC MoAb (IgG1) In combination with cytotoxic agents Ramucirumab VEGFR-2 Fully human Previously treated NSCLC MoAb (IgG1) In combination with DOC Nintedanib VEGFR-1, TKI Adenocarcinoma, after first-line VEGFR-2, chemotherapy VEGFR-3 FGFR-1, In combination with DOC FGFR-2, FGFR-3 PDGFR-α, # approved only by EMA PDGFR-β Inhibitors for driver oncogenic alterations Gefitinib EGFR TKI EGFR-mutated NSCLC Erlotinib EGFR TKI EGFR-mutated NSCLC Afatinib EGFR TKI EGFR-mutated NSCLC Osimertinib EGFR TKI T790M-positive, EGFR-mutated NSCLC, after treatment with EGFR-TKI (gefitinib, erlotinib, or afatinib) Crizotinib ALK TKI ALK-rearranged NSCLC Alectinib ALK TKI ALK-rearranged NSCLC Ceritinib ALK TKI ALK-rearranged NSCLC, after treatment with crizotinib
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