Molecular Biology of B-Cell and T-Cell Development

581 Pages·1998·18.009 MB·English

by  Elaine Dzierzak, Alexander Medvinsky (auth.), John G. Monroe, Ellen V. Rothenberg (eds.)

Molecular Biology of B-Cell
and T-Cell Development
Contemporary Immunology
1. Molecular Biology of B-Cell and T-Cell Development
Edited by John G. Monroe and Ellen V. Rothenberg, 1998
2. Cytokine Knockouts
Edited by Scott K. Durum and Kathrin Muegge, 1998
3. Immunosuppression and Human Malignancy
Edited by David Naor, 1990
4. The Lymphokines
Edited by John W. Haddon, 1990
5. Clinical Cellular Immunology
Edited by Howard H. Weetall, 1990
Molecular Biology
of B-Cell and T-Cell
Development
Edited by
John G. Monroe
University ofP ennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA
and
Ellen V. Rothenberg
California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 1998
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Molecular Biology ofB-Cell and T-Cell Development I edited by
John G. Monroe and Ellen V. Rothenberg.
p. cm. - (Contemporary immunology)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-61737-065-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-2778-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2778-4
I. B cells. 2. T cells. 3. Hematopoietic stem cells.
I. Monroe, John Gordon, 1953- . II. Rothenberg, Ellen V. III. Series.
QR 185.8B15M64 1998
616.07' 97--dc21
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 98-12613
CIP
Preface
Despite the tremendous diversity of the cells of the hematopoietic system,
they are all derived from common precursor cells that are generated in the fetus
and persist into adult life. In this regard, Band T lymphocytes, which comprise
the two arms of the antigen-specific and inducible immune system, though
functionally very different, are descendants of the same stem cell precursor. In
the past several years, we have witnessed an explosion of information regarding
the process by which differentiation of B- and T-cells from stem cells occurs.
This information, like the answers to most important biological questions, has
come from multiple and diverse directions.
Because all hematopoietic cells arise from common precursors, complex
regulatory processes must be involved in determining commitment to various
lineages. Understanding commitment to the B- or T-cell lineage remains
incomplete; however, identification of transcription factors necessary for
progression along specific B- and T-cell pathways suggests that we are on the
verge of understanding the molecules involved in the initial fate-determining
steps. Studies of this type previously could be accomplished only in
nonmammalian systems that are more amenable to genetic approaches. However,
new technologies allow increasingly elegant and informative studies in
mammalian systems, particularly for cells of the hematopoietic system.
At the level of cell biology, significant progress has been made in the
identification and characterization of hematopoietic stem cells and develop
mental stages associated with B- and T-cell development. Two advances have
contributed to this progress. One is the ability to use constellations of cell-surface
markers to provide extraordinary precision in the developmental characterization
of individual cells. The other is the ability to culture and transfer hematopoietic
cells in a variety of environments, and to define the responses of individual
cells by cell-autonomous markers. As a result of these advances, cell transfer
experiments with tightly defined precursor populations have even begun to
dissect the process of commitment to B- and T-cell lineages, providing new
evidence for a gradual, stepwise narrowing of developmental potential. T- and
natural killer cells appear to be more closely related, by this measure, than T
and B-cells; whereas T-and most myeloerythroid cells appear much less closely
v
vi Preface
related. These relationships provide a starting point for defining the target genes
on which lineage-determining factors must work in driving commitment.
B- and T-cells are distinct from other hematopoietic cells in that the fully
developed progeny are clonally unique. In order to avoid retention of nonfunctional
or autoreactive clones, antigen receptor-mediated inducible selection events
occur during defined stages in the development of these cells. These events,
both positive and negative, are central to establishing the available immune
system repertoire. Genetic, biochemical, and cellular approaches are each producing
important insights into the molecular basis and cellular mechanisms underlying
these selection events.
In the past, B- and T-cell malignancies have provided our only chance to
study early stages of development of these cells. Cells "frozen" at particular
stages of development by malignant transformation provided tools to study the
phenotype and cell biology of developing B- and T-cells. Now, however, the
ability to isolate normal cells at defined developmental stages affords us the
ability to define the cell biology of these cells and thereby better understand
the physiology of their transformed cell counterparts. The usefulness of this
information lies in our ability to use it to alter the growth characteristics of
specific B- and T-cell malignancies.
Finally, cells oft he developing hematopoietic system are especially amenable
to gene therapy approaches. Because they are now easily isolatable, capable of
expansion, and relatively easy to maintain in culture, they provide convenient
vehicles for the introduction of new genes.
Significant progress has been realized in all of the above areas over the
past several years. This progress has yielded not only important insights into
significant and fundamental areas of cell biology, but has influenced our thinking
in terms of understanding human disease and new ways of therapeutic inter
vention into disease processes. The aim of Molecular Biology ofB -Cell and
T-Cell Development is to present an integrated and comprehensive presentation
of these new advances in Band T lymphocyte development. Topics covered
in this volume will be of interest to researchers and clinicians interested in
hematopoiesis, immunology, cancer biology, and gene therapy.
John G. Monroe
Ellen V. Rothenberg
Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................ v
Contributors ................................................................................................................... x
PART I: STEM CELLS AND LINEAGE COMMITMENT MODELS
CH. 1. Developmental Origins of Hematopoietic Stem Cells,
Elaine Dzierzak and Alexander Medvinsky ..................................... 3
CH. 2. Self-Renewal of Stem Cells: The Intrinsic Timetable Model,
Peter Lansdorp ................................................................................. 27
CH. 3. Transcription Factors Regulating Early Hematopoietic Development
and Lineage Commitment,
'Stuart H. Orkin ............................................................................... 41
PART II: INTRINSIC FACTORS REGULATING BAND T LYMPHOPOIESIS
CH. 4. The Ikaros Gene Family in Hemopoietic Differentiation,
Nicole Avitahl, Aliki Nichogiannopoulou, Katia Georgopoulos,
and Susan Winandy .................................................................... 57
CH. 5. Transcriptional Control ofB-Cell Differentiation by EBF and E2A,
Mikael Sigvardsson and Rudolf Grosschedl ................................. 71
CH. 6. Role of the Transcription Factor BSAP (Pax-5) in B-Cell
Development,
Meinrad Busslinger and Stephen L. Nutt ..................................... 83
CH. 7. The Role ofPU.l in the Regulation of Lymphoid and Myeloid
Hematopoietic Progenitors,
Edward W. Scott ............................................................................ 111
CH. 8. Chromatin Structure and Lineage Determination,
Dimitris Kioussis and Richard Festenstein ................................. 127
PART III: EXTRINSIC FACTORS REGULATING BAND T LYMPHOPOIESIS
CH. 9. The Role of Cytokines in Hematolymphoid Development,
Tannishtha Reya and Simon R. Carding .................................... 149
vii
viii Contents
CH. 10. Life/Death Decisions in B-Lymphocyte Precursors: A Role
for Cytokines, Cell Interaction Molecules, and Hormones,
Paul W. Kincade, Kay Medina, Glennda Smithson, Zhong Zheng,
Kenji Oritani, Lisa Borghesi, Yoshio Yamashita, Kimberly Payne,
and Takaichi ShimoZlltO ................................................................ 177
CH. 11. Regulation of Lymphocyte Development
by Microenvironmental and Systemic Factors,
Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez and Kenneth Dorshkind ... 197
CH. 12. Cytokines and Chemokines in T-Cell Development,
Albert Zlotnik, Myriam Capone, and Alain P. Vicari .................. 213
CH. 13. Cytokine and Stromal Influences on Early B-Cell Development,
Lisa J. Jarvis and Tucker W. LeBien ............................................ 231
PART IV: COMMITMENT AND ORDERED PROGRESSION IN DEVELOPMENT
OF LYMPHOID LINEAGES
CH. 14. Staging B-Cell Development and the Role ofIg Gene Arrangement
in B-Lineage Progression,
Richard R. Hardy, Susan Shinton, Robert Wasserman,
and Yue-Sheng Li ...................................................................... 255
CH. 15. Lineage Relationships Between B Lymphocytes and Macrophages,
Barbara L. Kee and Christopher J. Paige .................................... 267
CH. 16. TCR-Independent Development of Pluripotent T-Cell Precursors,
Li Wu, Ferenc Livak, and Howard T. Petrie ................................. 285
CH. 17. T-Cell Development from Hematopoietic Stem Cells,
Koichi Akashi, Motonari Kondo, Annette M. Schlageter,
and Irving L. Weissman ............................................................ 305
CH. 18. Gene Regulation in T-Cell Lineage Committment,
Ellen V. Rothenberg ...................................................................... 337
CH. 19. The aPiyB Lineage Decision: An Evaluation oft he "T-Cell Receptor
Determinant," "Progenitor Precommitment," or "Codeterminant"
Models,
Eric S. Hoffman, Lorena Passoni, Erastus C. Dudley,
Michael Girardi, and Adrian Hayday ...................................... 367
PART V: SELECTION PROCESSES OPERATING DURING B-LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT
CH. 20. Structure and Function of the Pro- and Pre-B-Cell Receptors
on B-Lymphoid Lineage Precursor Cells,
Thomas H. Winkler and Fritz Melchers ...................................... 399
CH.21. Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Negative Selection
in Immature-Stage B-Cells,
Leslie B. King, Peter Sandel, Richard A. Sater,
and John G. Monroe ................................................................. 421
Contents ix
PART VI: SELECTION PROCESSES OPERATING DURING T-LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT
CH.22. How Essential Is the Pre-T-Cell Receptor?
Jan Buer and Harald von Boehmer ............................................. 449
CH.23. Developmental Stage-Specific Responses to Ligation
of CD3-Containing Complexes,
Christiaan N. Levelt ....................................................................... 465
CH.24. The Molecular Basis of Thymocyte Positive Selection
and CD4/CD8 Lineage Commitment,
Cynthia J. Guidos .......................................................................... 485
PART VII: CLINICAL ApPLICATIONS OF HEMATOLYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT
CH.25. Stem Cell Transplants for Hematopoietic Malignancies,
Susan C. Guba and Bart Barlogie ................................................ 505
CH. 26. Placental Blood: Immunology, Transplantation, and Gene Therapy,
Anne F. Eder and Leslie E. Silberstein ........................................ 523
CH. 27. Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Progenitors, and Peripheral Blood
Lymphocytes as Targets for the Correction of Immune System
Disorders via Gene Therapy,
Karen E. Pollok and DavidA. Williams ....................................... 545
Index ..................................................................................................................... 573
Contributors
KOICHI AKASHI • Departments ofP athology and Developmental Biology,
Stanford University School ofM edicine, Stanford, CA
NICOLE A VITAHL • Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachussetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
BART BARLOGIE • Departments ofM edicine and Pathology, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Little Rock VAMC, Little Rock,
AR
LISA BORGHESI • Department ofI mmunology, Oklahoma Medical Research
Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
MEINRAD BUSSLINGER • Research Institute ofM olecular Pathology, Vienna,
Austria
JAN BUER • Faculty ofM edicine, Necker Institute, Paris, France
MYRIAM CAPONE • Department ofI mmunobiology, DNAX Research Institute,
Palo Alto, CA
SIMON R. CARDING • Department ofM icrobiology, University ofP ennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA
KENNETH DORSHKIND • Department ofP athology and Laboratory Medicine
and The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of
California Los Angeles School ofM edicine, Los Angeles, CA
ERASTUS C. DUDLEY • Laboratory ofI mmunology, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD
ELAINE DZIERZAK • Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus
University Medical Facility, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
ANNE F. EDER • Hospital of the University ofP ennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
RICHARD FESTENSTEIN • Division ofM olecular Immunology, The National
Institute for Medical Research, London, England
KATIA GEORGOPOULOS • Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachussetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
MICHAEL GIRARDI • Department ofD ermatology, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
RUDOLF GROSSCHEDL • Department ofM icrobiology and Immunology,
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San
Francisco, CA
xi