Molecular and Cellular Regulation of Adaptation to Exercise

588 Pages·2015·12.52 MB·English

by  Claude Bouchard (ed.)

VOLUMEONEHUNDRED ANDTHIRTYFIVE
P
ROGRESS IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
AND TRANSLATIONAL
SCIENCE
Molecular and Cellular Regulation of
Adaptation to Exercise
This page intentionally left blank
VOLUMEONEHUNDRED ANDTHIRTYFIVE
P
ROGRESS IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
AND TRANSLATIONAL
SCIENCE
Molecular and Cellular Regulation of
Adaptation to Exercise
Edited by
CLAUDE BOUCHARD
Human Genomics Laboratory,
Pennington Biomedical Research Center,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON
NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA
525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK
125LondonWall,London,EC2Y5AS,UK
Firstedition2015
Copyright©2015ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek
permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour
arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright
LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby
thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand
experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,
ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed
herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyand
thesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,
assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof
productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,
products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-12-803991-5
ISSN:1877-1173
ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications
visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com
CONTENTS
Contributors xiii
Preface xix
1.Adaptation to Acute and Regular Exercise: From Reductionist
Approaches to Integrative Biology 1
Claude Bouchard
1. Introduction 2
2. SedentaryTime,PhysicalActivity,andFitness 4
3. Reductionism,SystemsBiology,andIntegrativePhysiology 8
4. GenomicandENCODEFacts:AGoldMineforExerciseBiology 10
5. AbouttheContentoftheVolume 12
6. SummaryandConclusions 13
References 13
2.Exercise and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism 17
JoramD.Mul,KristinI.Stanford,MichaelF.Hirshman,andLaurieJ.Goodyear
1. Introduction 18
2. CarbohydrateUtilizationDuringRestandExercise 19
3. MuscleGlycogen 20
4. GlucoseTransport 22
5. ExerciseSignalsRegulatingGlucoseTransport 24
6. IncreasesinInsulinSensitivityforGlucoseTransportAfterExercise 28
7. ExerciseTraining:ImpactonHealthyPeopleandPeoplewith
Type2Diabetes 29
Acknowledgments 30
References 30
3.Exercise and Regulation of Lipid Metabolism 39
RobertC. Noland
1. CrossoverConcept 40
2. FatMetabolismDuringExercise 40
3. PostexerciseLipidMetabolism 54
4. DietaryFactorsInfluencingExerciseFatMetabolism 58
5. MolecularProgrammingofLipidMetabolism 62
6. ConcludingRemarks 65
References 66
v
vi Contents
4.Exercise and Regulation of Protein Metabolism 75
PhilipJ. Atherton, Bethan E.Phillips, and DanielJ. Wilkinson
1. Introduction 76
2. TheRegulationofProteinMetabolismbyExercise 80
3. SignalTransductionRegulatingMuscleProteinMetabolism
ResponsestoExercise 86
4. Conclusions 91
References 92
5.Exercise and the Regulation of Mitochondrial Turnover 99
DavidA.Hood, LiamD. Tryon, AnnaVainshtein, JonathanMemme,
ChrisChen,Marion Pauly, MatthewJ. Crilly,and HeatherCarter
1. Introduction 100
2. OverviewofMitochondrialTurnover 101
3. MitochondrialMorphologyandChangeswithTraining 102
4. Exercise-InducedSignaling:ARoleforAMPK 105
5. Exercise-InducedSignaling:ARoleforCa2+ 106
6. Exercise-InducedSignaling:ARoleforp38MAPK 106
7. Exercise-InducedSignaling:ActivationofPGC-1α 107
8. AgingandMuscleMitochondria 108
9. AlternativeExercisePrograms:High-IntensityIntervalTraining 111
10. EffectofTrainingonmtDNAandmtDNADiseases 112
11. ExerciseandTrainingonROSProductionandAntioxidantEnzymes 114
12. ExerciseandtheProteinImportPathway 115
13. EffectofExerciseonMitochondriallyMediatedApoptosis 116
14. AutophagyandMitophagywithExercise 117
15. Conclusions 120
Acknowledgments 121
References 121
6.Endurance Exercise and the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle
Metabolism 129
FrankW.Booth,GregoryN.Ruegsegger,RyanG.Toedebusch,andZhenYan
1. Introduction 130
2. MitochondrialBiogenesis 131
3. MitochondrialDynamicsandMaintenance 134
4. Mitophagy 135
5. MultipleTypesofExerciseEnduranceTests 137
6. TypeIFibersAreRelatedtoHumanEndurance 138
Contents vii
7. RegulationofMyosinHeavyChainCompositionbyAerobic
EnduranceTypesofExercise 142
8. BloodFlowDuringEnduranceExerciseandItsEffectonMetabolism 143
9. Angiogenesis 144
10. SummaryandConclusions 144
References 145
7.Exercise and the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy 153
ChrisMcGlory andStuart M. Phillips
1. Introduction 153
2. ResistanceExercisetoEnhanceSkeletalMuscleMass 154
3. HeterogeneityinResponsetoResistanceTraining 156
4. TheInfluenceofSystemicHormones 158
5. TheRoleofthemTORC1 160
6. TranslationalResponsestoResistanceTraining 164
7. TheImpactofAgingandUnloading 166
8. Summary 168
Acknowledgments 168
References 168
8.Exercise and the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism 175
ThomasTsiloulisand MatthewJ. Watt
1. Introduction 176
2. AdiposeTissueLocalizationandComposition 177
3. AdipocyteMetabolismatRestandDuringExercise 177
4. NeuralandHormonalControlofAdiposeTissueMetabolism
DuringExercise 180
5. CellularandMolecularControlofAdiposeTissueMetabolism 184
6. MetabolicandMolecularAdaptationsinAdiposeTissuewith
ExerciseTraining 188
7. ConclusionsandFutureDirections 194
References 195
9.Exercise and the Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism 203
ElijahTrefts, AshleyS. Williams,and DavidH.Wasserman
1. LiverResponsetoAcuteExercise 204
2. TheLiverRecyclesCarbonsandDisposesofExcessMetabolites 213
3. TheLiverDetoxifiesbyConvertingExcessNitrogentoUrea 214
4. HepaticAdaptationstoRegularPhysicalActivity 215
viii Contents
5. Summary 218
Acknowledgments 219
References 219
10.Molecular Mechanisms for Exercise Training-Induced Changes in
Vascular Structure and Function: Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac
Muscle, and the Brain 227
T.Dylan Olver, Brian S.Ferguson,and M. HaroldLaughlin
1. Introduction 228
2. TheSkeletalMuscleVasculatureandExercise 229
3. TheHeartandCoronaryVasculature 237
4. TheBrainandCerebralVasculature 242
5. Summary 247
References 249
11.Exercise and Regulation of Bone and Collagen
Tissue Biology 259
MichaelKjaer,Niklas RyeJørgensen, Katja Heinemeier, and
S.Peter Magnusson
1. Introduction 260
2. IMCT—TrainingandDetraining 264
3. MyotendinousJunction—TrainingandDetraining 267
4. TendonandLigament 268
5. Cartilage—TrainingandDetraining 275
6. Bone 277
7. Conclusion 283
References 283
12.Exercise and the Regulation of Endocrine Hormones 293
Anthony C.Hackney and AmyR.Lane
1. Introduction 294
2. AcuteExerciseHormoneResponses 295
3. AcuteExercise 300
4. ChronicExercise 301
5. ChronicExerciseandPerformance 302
6. CellularandMolecularAspectsofExerciseEndocrinology 306
7. Conclusions 308
References 309
Contents ix
13.Exercise and Regulation of Adipokine and Myokine Production 313
SvenW.Go€rgens,Kristin Eckardt, Jørgen Jensen, ChristianA. Drevon,
andJürgen Eckel
1. Introduction 314
2. SkeletalMuscleastheSourceofMyokinesandAdipo-MyokinesAfterAcute
andChronicExercise 316
3. ExerciseandtheProductionofAdipokinesbyAdiposeTissue 324
4. Conclusion 328
Acknowledgments 330
References 330
14.Exercise and the Regulation of Inflammatory Responses 337
JacobAllen, YiSun,and Jeffrey A.Woods
1. ABriefHistoryofInflammationandItsUnderlyingRelationshiptoExercise 338
2. ExerciseandAcuteInflammationinSkeletalMuscle 340
3. TheResolutionofInflammationWithinSkeletalMuscle:ACoordinated
InflammatoryResponse 341
4. BeyondtheMuscle:AcuteExerciseandSystemicInflammation 342
5. SummaryofAcuteExerciseandInflammation 345
6. ExerciseTrainingandChronicInflammation 346
7. PotentialMechanismsoftheEffectofExerciseTrainingon
Anti-Inflammation 347
8. Summary 349
References 350
15.Exercise and the Regulation of Immune Functions 355
Richard J.Simpson, HawleyKunz, NadiaAgha, andRachel Graff
1. Introduction 356
2. TheEffectsofAcuteExerciseonImmuneCellNumberandComposition 356
3. AcuteExerciseandImmuneFunction 360
4. ChronicExerciseandImmuneFunction 367
5. Summary 375
References 375
16.Exercise Regulation of Cognitive Function and
Neuroplasticity in the Healthy and Diseased Brain 381
GilianF. Hamilton and Justin S.Rhodes
1. Introduction 382
2. AnimalModelsofExercise 382