Molecular Anatomic Imaging: PET-CT and SPECT-CT Integrated Modality Imaging PDF
Preview Molecular Anatomic Imaging: PET-CT and SPECT-CT Integrated Modality Imaging
GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page i Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) Molecular Anatomic Imaging PET-CT and SPECT-CT Integrated Modality Imaging SECOND EDITION GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page ii Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page iii Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) Molecular Anatomic Imaging PET-CT and SPECT-CT Integrated Modality Imaging SECOND EDITION EDITOR GUSTAV K. VON SCHULTHESS, MD, PhD Chief Medical Officer Professor and Director Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Radiology University Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland CD-ROM EDITOR DANIEL T. SCHMID, MD Clinical Fellow, Department of Radiology Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Switzerland GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page iv Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) Acquisitions Editor: Lisa McAllister Developmental Editor:Annette Ferran Managing Editor:Kerry Barrett Marketing Manager:Angela Panetta Project Manager:Fran Gunning Manufacturing Manager:Benjamin Rivera Creative Director: Doug Smock Compositor:TechBooks Printer: R.R. Donnelley, Hong Kong ©2007 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS 530 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA LWW.com All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. Printed in Hong Kong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Molecular anatomic imaging : PET-CT and SPECT-CT integrated modality / editor, Gustav K. von Schulthess. — 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of : Clinical molecular anatomic imaging. c2003. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7817-7674-0 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Tomography, Emission. I. Schulthess, Gustav Konrad von. II. Clinical molecular anatomic imaging. [DNLM: 1. Positron-Emission Tomography. 2. Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon. WN 206 M718 2007] RC78.7.T62S35 2007 616.07’575—dc22 2006023357 Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not respon- sible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this informa- tion in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner. The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice. To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 223-2320. International customers should call (301)223-2300. Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: at LWW.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6 pm, EST. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page v Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) To my wife Yela and my children Alexandra, Patrick, and Benjamin. GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page vi Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page vii Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) Contents Contributors xi 10 Image Coregistration and Coregistered Image Foreword xv Rendering 74 Preface xvii Cyrill Burger 11 Quantifying PET 85 Cyrill Burger Alfred Buck PART 1: BASIC ASPECTS OF PET AND SPECT INTEGRATED WITH CT IMAGING 1 12 Quantifying SPECT 90 David R. Gilland 1 Introduction 3 Timothy G. Turkington Gustav von Schulthess 13 A Primer in Compartment Modeling 95 2 Radiation Sources for Emission Scanning: Cyrill Burger Positron and Gamma Emission 10 Alfred Buck Cyrill Burger Alfred Pfeiffer 3 Basics of PET Scanning 16 PART 2: MAKING PET, PET-CT, AND Cyrill Burger SPECT-CT A CLINICAL REALITY 103 David W. Townsend 14 Radiopharmaceuticals for Clinical PET, PET-CT, 4 Basics of SPECT Scanning: Emission and and SPECT-CT Imaging 105 Transmission 30 Gustav K. von Schulthess Timothy G. Turkington 15 PET Radiopharmaceuticals: Fluorinated David R. Gilland Compounds 109 5 Design Criteria for PET Scanners: Heinz H. Coenen What is Important and Why 37 16 PET Radiopharmaceuticals: Perfusion Charles Stearns Compounds [13N]Ammonia, [15O]Water, Alexander Tokman [82RB]Rubidium and Other Generator Products of Clinical Relevance 118 6 Basics of CT Scanning and Issues Relevant to Simon M. Ametamey Integrated Imaging 47 Peter Bläuenstein Willi A. Kalender P. August Schubiger 7 CT-Based Attenuation Correction for PET-CT 17 11C-Based PET-Radiopharmaceuticals of Scanners 54 Clinical Value 121 Jonathan P. J. Carney Kjell Någren David W. Townsend Christer Halldin 8 CT-Based Attenuation Correction for 18 SPECT Radiopharmaceuticals for Perfusion Imaging SPECT 63 and Tumor and Inflammation Localization 128 Timothy G. Turkington Gerrit Westera David R. Gilland 19 PET and PET-CT Imaging Protocols 133 Thomas F. Hany 9 Radiation Doses and Radiation Protection 69 20 SPECT and SPECT-CT Imaging Protocols 141 Alfred Pfeiffer Daniela B. Husarik Cyrill Burger Thomas F. Hany GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page viii Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) viii Contents 32 Integrated SPECT-CT and PET-CT in Cardiac PART 3: CLINICAL PET- AND SPECT-CT Imaging 252 OF THE BRAIN 147 Oliver Gaemperli 21 The Normal Brain Scan 149 Tiziano Schepis Alfred Buck Gustav K. von Schulthess Valerie Treyer Philipp A. Kaufmann Bruno Weber 22 Brain Tumors: Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma and Glioblastoma Images with PET and SPECT 153 PART 5: CLINICAL PET-CT AND SPECT-CT Lutz W. Kracht IN BODY ONCOLOGY 259 Karl Herholz Stefan Vollmar 33 PET-CT and SPECT-CT Body Scans: Artifacts, Andreas H. Jacobs Normal Variants, Pitfalls, and Findings of 23 Brain Tumors: Other Primary Tumors, Uncertain Pathologic Relevance 261 Metastases and Radiation Injury Imaged with Gustav K. von Schulthess PET and SPECT 164 34 FDG-PET-CT in Head and Neck Cancer 287 Ian Law Christina M. Thuerl Lise Borgwardt Hugh D. Curtin Liselotte Hojgaard 24 Imaging of Cerebral Infection with PET 175 35 Sentinel Node Imaging in Head and Neck Alfred Buck Tumors 306 Ehab M. Kamel Sandro J. Stoeckli Christina M. Thuerl 25 Epilepsy Imaged with PET and SPECT 181 Alfred Buck 36 SPECT-CT and PET-CT of Tumors with an Heinz-Gregor Wieser Unknown Primary 309 Gerhard Goerres 26 PET Imaging in Dementias and Extrapyramidal Disorders 189 37 Thyroid Cancer Imaging with PET and SPECT 315 Alfred Buck Steven M. Larson Ehab M. Kamel Ravinder K. Grewal Klaus Tatsch Michael M. Tuttle 27 PET Imaging in Cerebrovascular Disease 200 38 PET and PET-CT of Non-Small Cell Lung Alfred Buck Cancer 327 Berhard Schuknecht Hans C. Steinert Yasuhiro Yonekawa 39 PET and PET-CT of Small Cell Lung Cancer 340 Hans C. Steinert PART 4: CLINICAL PET AND Ehab M. Kamel INTEGRATED MODALITY IMAGING OF THE HEART 213 40 PET and PET-CT of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma 343 28 The Normal Heart Scan: PET and SPECT 215 Hans C. Steinert Philipp A. Kaufmann Ramon de Juan 29 Coronary Artery Disease: Perfusion with PET and 41 PET and PET-CT of Esophageal and Gastric SPECT 220 Cancers 347 Philipp A. Kaufmann Jamshed B. Bomanji Farrokh Pakzad 30 Coronary Artery Disease: Tissue Viability and Darren L. Francis Perfusion 227 Peter J. Ell Markus Schwaiger Stephan G. Nekolla 42 PET and PET-CT of the Liver and 31 PET and SPECT in Other Cardiac Diseases 244 Pancreas 357 Frank M. Bengel Thomas F. Hany Markus Schwaiger Klaus Strobel GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page ix Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) Contents ix 43 PET-CT and SPECT-CT of Other Gastrointestinal 57 PET and PET-CT in Radiation Treatment Planning 501 Tumors: Somatostatin Receptor—Positive and Steven M. Larson Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors 364 Kenneth Rosenzweig Heiner Bihl Heiko Schöder Gerald Antoch John Humm 44 PET and PET-CT of Colorectal and Anal Carcinoma 382 PART 6: CLINICAL PET-CT AND SPECT-CT Farrokh Pakzad IMAGING OF INFLAMMATION IN THE Jamshed B. Bomanji BODY 517 Svetislav Gacinovic Peter J. Ell 58 Physiological Basis of Inflammation Imaging 519 45 PET and PET-CT in Breast Carcinoma 393 Achim H. Kaim Richard L. Wahl Gustav K. von Schulthess 46 SPECT-CT Imaging of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in 59 Soft Tissue Infections: PET-CT and SPECT-CT Breast Cancer 410 Imaging 524 Daniela B. Husarik Klaus Strobel Hans C. Steinert Katrin D. M. Stumpe Gustav K. von Schulthess 47 PET and PET-CT In Kidney Tumors and Bladder Cancer 413 60 Muskuloskeletal Infections: PET-CT and SPECT-CT Hossein Jadvar Imaging 534 Peter S. Conti Katrin D. M. Stumpe Klaus Strobel 48 PET and PET-CT of Testicular Cancer 417 Juerg Hodler Thomas F. Hany 61 Infections in Patients with Metallic Implants: Klaus Strobel PET-CT and SPECT-CT Imaging 543 49 PET-CT and SPECT-CT in Prostate Cancer 422 Katrin D. M. Stumpe Daniela B. Husarik Jürg Hodler Thomas F. Hany 62 Rheumatologic Disease: 50 PET and PET-CT of Tumors of the Female Imaging with PET-CT and SPECT-CT 551 Genital Tract 427 Klaus Strobel Lilie L. Lin Jürg Hodler Farrokh Dehdashti Barry A. Siegel Perry W. Grigsby PART 7: CLINICAL PET-CT AND SPECT-CT: 51 PET-CT and SPECT-CT of Malignant Bone MISCELLANEOUS AND PEDIATRIC Tumors 443 APPLICATIONS 559 Janet F. Eary 63 SPECT and PET in Benign Thyroid and Parathyroid 52 PET-CT and SPECT-CT of Bone Metastases 450 Disease 561 Klaus Strobel Ujwal N. Bhure Daniela B. Husarik Daniela B. Husarik Thomas F. Hany 64 Integrated SPECT-CT Imaging in Pulmonary 53 PET and PET-CT in Soft Tissue Sarcomas 456 Thromboembolism 567 Janet F. Eary Christina M. Thuerl 54 PET-CT and SPECT-CT of Malignant Hans C. Steinert Melanoma 468 65 PET-CT and SPECT-CT of Benign Bone Tumors 569 Hans C. Steinert Abbas Yousefi-Koma 55 PET and SPECT-CT in Lymphoma 479 Klaus Strobel Karoline Spaepen 66 Special Considerations in Pediatric PET-CT and Sigrid Stroobants SPECT-CT Imaging 574 56 PET and PET-CT in Multiple Myeloma 495 Lise Borgwardt Sven N. Reske Annika Loft Anja Dankerl Liselotte Højgaard GRBQ152-2717G-FM[pi-xx].qxd 9/11/06 11:24 AM Page x Tech 27C:GRBQ152:Chapters:FM: Techbooks (PPG-Quark) x Contents 67 PET-CT and SPECT-CT in Pediatric Tumors and 68 PET-CT and SPECT-CT in Non-Neoplastic, Infections 583 Noninflammatory Pediatric Diseases 597 Martin Hutchings Liselotte Højgaard Lise Borgwardt Lise Borgwardt Annika Loft Liselotte Højgaard Index 602
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