Mohammed Abate Dawud PDF
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GENETIC DIVERSITY, ASSOCIATION OF TRAITS AND GENOTYPE x ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) IN ETHIOPIA PhD DISSERTATION MOHAMMED ABATE DAWUD MARCH 2015 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY Genetic Diversity, Association of Traits and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Ethiopia A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Plant Science, School of Graduate Studies, Haramaya University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE (PLANT BREEDING) By Mohammed Abate Dawud March 2015 Haramaya University SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY As PhD research advisory committee members, we hereby certify that we have read and evaluated this dissertation, which is titled “Genetic Diversity, Association of Traits and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Ethiopia”, and has been prepared under our guidance by Mohammed Abate Dawud. We recommend that the dissertation be submitted as it fulfills the requirements. Dr. Firew Mekbib ………………..…….. ….....................… Chairman, advisory committee Signature Date Dr. Amsalu Ayana ………………..…….. ….....................… Member, Advisory committee Signature Date Dr. Mandefro Nigussie ...……………..…….. ….....................… Member, Advisory committee Signature Date As members of the Board of Examiners of the PhD Dissertation Open Defense Examination, we certify that we have read, evaluated the Dissertation prepared by Mohammed Abate, and examined the candidate. We recommend that the Dissertation be accepted as fulfilling the Dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Plant Sciences (Plant Breeding). Dr. Wassu Mohammed ……………………..…….. ………………………. Chairperson Signature Date Dr. Habtamu Zeleke ……………………..…….. ………………………. Internal Examiner Signature Date Dr. Adugna Waqjira ……………………..…….. ………………………. External Examiner Signature Date Final approval and acceptance of the Dissertation is contingent upon the submission of the final copy to the Council of Graduate Studies through the School Graduate Committee of the Candidates major Department. I DEDICATION I dedicate this work to Afar Pastoral and Agro-pastoral communities of Ethiopia who are vulnerable to recurrent drought. II STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR I declare that this Dissertation is the result of my own work and that all sources of materials used for writing it have been duly acknowledged. This Dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Haramaya University and is deposited at the Library of the University to be made available to borrowers under the rules and regulations of the Library. I solemnly declare that this dissertation has not been submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from this Dissertation are allowable without requiring special permission provided that an accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotations from or reproduction of the manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the Head of the Department of Plant Sciences or by the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment, the proposed use of the material is for a scholarly interest. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. Name: Mohammed Abate Dawud Signature: ___________________ Place: Haramaya University Date of submission: March, 2015 III BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born on May 5, 1968 in Ancharo, Kalu District of South Wollo Zone in Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. He attended elementary education at Ancharo Elementary School from 1975 to 1980 and secondary education at Kombolcha Senior Secondary School from 1981 to 1986. He took the Ethiopian School Leaving Certificate Examination in 1987, then joined Addis Ababa University Faculty of Natural Science to pursue a study leading to a degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology and graduated in 1991. He began his professional career in 1992 as a biology teacher at “Lewt-fire” Senior Secondary School in Bench Maji Zone of the then Kefa Administrative Region. After serving for three years, he came to Afar Administrative Region and worked with the same profession at “Mohammed Hanfere Elalta” Technical and Vocational School until he got the award for post graduate study by the Afar Bureau of Education. In 2002, he rejoined Addis Ababa University to study for the Degree of Master of Science in Applied Genetics. After completing the MSc study, he joined the Afar Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Research Institute (APARI) as Assistant Researcher. He served the Institute for three years until he was promoted to associate researcher and joined the Haramaya University in 2008 to pursue his study leading to the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Breeding. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly I would like to thank the “Almighty God, the creator of the Heaven and the Earth and through Him all things are possible”. Secondly, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Dr. Firew Mekbib (chairman of advisory committee), for the meticulous academic and research guidance he gave me in completing my study leading to the degree of Doctor of philosophy. I will never forget his overall support and the vital contributions he made towards my success; working with him was a wonderful learning opportunity in many ways. I would also like to express my special thanks and appreciation to Dr. Amsalu Ayana and Dr. Mandefro Nigussie (members of advisory committee) for their close supervision, guidance, constrictive comments, and hospitality they provided me from the beginning to the end of my dissertation work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my instructors Dr. Habtamu Zeleke and Dr. Ketema Belete who gave me a great platform to learn and expand my knowledge. I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. Wassu Mohammed for his continuous advice, constructive comments and technical supports during my study period. I also appreciate the time and efforts he sacrificed for me in data analysis and carefully reviewing of my papers. I would like to convey my sincere gratitude, appreciation, and thanks to various institutions and individuals who assisted me and contributed to the successful completion of this study. More specifically to the Rural Capacity Building Project (RCBP) of Ethiopia in granting me the fund for this research work; and to my organization, Afar Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Research Institute (APARI) for granting me a leave of absence during the study and for continuously paying my salaries. I am indebted to the staffs of Low-land Oil Crop Research Program of Werer Agricultural Research Centre (WARC) and farm manager of Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre (MARC) in providing field facilities and technical supports. The School of Plant Sciences and School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University deserve a special appreciation for providing me with the necessary facilities at the campus and offering me the PhD courses timely. V I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my colleague Esayas Tena for his unlimited assistance rendered to me in some of my data analyses. I am also indebted to my colleagues Seid Yimam, Mohammed Yassin, Mohammed Ahmed, Abubeker Mohammed and Tewodros Mulualem for their encouragement and friendly support during my study period. It gives me a pleasure to forward my humble gratitude and appreciation to my wife Fafi Ahmed for her love, understanding and patience of taking the sole responsibility of looking after our kids and bearing of all other family burden during my absence. Finally, I would like to offer my heartfelt thank to my mom Meirema Ahmed and my sister Seada Yimam for their continuous moral support and prayers in realizing my vision in education. VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFLP Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism AMMI Additive Main effect and Multiplicative Interaction AMOVA Analysis of Molecular Variance ANOVA Analysis of Variance ASV AMMI Stability Analysis CSA Central Statistical Agency CTAB Hexadecyl Trimethyl-Ammonium Bromide EASS Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Survey EDTA Ethylenediamine-Tetra-acetic Acid EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics GAM Genetic Advance as Percent of Meam GCV Genotypic Coefficient of Variation GDP Gross Domestic Product GEI Genotype by Environment Interaction EBI Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute ISSR Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats MARC Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre NJ Neighbor Joining PA Path Analysis PCA Principal Component Analysis PCoA Principal Coordinate Analysis PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PCV Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation PIC Polymorphic Information Content RAPD Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA SSR Simple Sequence Repeat UPGMA Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean WARC Werer Agricultural Research Centre VII TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION II STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR III BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS VII TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII LIST OF FIGURES XV LIST OF APPENDIX XVI ABSTRACT XVII 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Error! Bookma 1.1 Origin and Distribution of Sesame 1 1.2 Agro-ecology 1 1.3 Economic Importance 2 1.4 Production and Productivity 2 1.5 Genetic Diversity 3 1.6 Genetic Variability and Character Association 4 1.7 Rationale of the Study 5 1.8 Objectives 7 1.8.1 General objective 7 1.8.2 Specific objectives 7 1.9 Experimental Methods 8 1.10 References 9 2.GENETIC VARIABILITY AND ASSOCIATION OF TRAITS IN SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) GERMPLASM COLLECTED FROM MID-ALTITUDE AREAS OF ETHIOPIA 14 ABSTRACT 15 2.1 INTRODUCTION 16 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 2.2.1 Descreption of Experimental Site 17 2.2.2 Experimental Materials and Design 17 2.2.3 Data Collection 17 2.2.4 Data Analysis 19 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 20 2.3.1 Analysis of Variance and Mean Performance of Genotypes 20 2.3.2 Phenotypic and Genotypic Variability 20 VIII
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