Table Of ContentModulated Structure Materials
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science
Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological
knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
I
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
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A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
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C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company
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Series E: Applied Sciences - No. 83
Modulated Structure Materials
edited by
T. Tsakalakos
Department of Mechanics and Materials Science
Rutgers University
Piscataway, NJ 08854
USA
1984 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Modulated Structure Materials,
Maleme-Chania, Greece, June 15-25, 1983
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute on Modulated Structure
Materials (1983 : Maleme, Crete and Chania, Crete)
Modulated structure materials.
NATO advanced science institutes series. Series E,
Applied sciences ; 83)
"Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Modulated Structure Materials, Maleme-Chania, Greece,
June 15-25, 1983"
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific
Affairs Division."
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Layer structure (Solids)--Congresses.
2. Superlattices as materials--Congresses.
I. Tsakalakos, Thomas. II. North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. III. Title.
IV. NATO advanced science institutes series. Series E,
Applied sciences; no. 83.
QD921.N384 1983 530.4'1 84-16603
ISBN-\3: 978-94-009-6197-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6\95-\
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-6\95-\
ISBN 90-247-3066-X (this volume)
ISBN 90-247-2689-1 (series)
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Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Copyright © 1984 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
PREFACE
Modulated Structure Materials arise in two basic ways. One is
through the natural tendency that certain materials have to develoo
stable modulations. Tynical examples of this catenory are the lonn
oeriod superlattices, the spinodal alloys and other ordered
structures. Another way to introduce nodulation into a basic
structure is throuqh our own intervention, that is artificial
~v
techninues. Such examples as the conposition nodulated films and
the seniconductor superlattices have recently received apnreciable
attention not only for their noble and unusual nrooerties but also
for their practical applications in hiqh technolony areas.
The NATO Advanced Study Institute on Modulated Structure
which was held June 15-25, 1983 in t1alene-Chania, Greece,
~'laterials
aimed at brinninq tonether international authorities and active
researchers to discuss in-depth current knowledne and new develop
ments in both natural and artificial modulated structure materials.
Up to this time, the Editor has received indications that the
Institute served well its purpose. The fifteen carefully selected
invited speakers qave outstandinq lectures on all aspects of
modulated structures. The lectures were followed by extensive and
lively discussions amonq all participants. It should be noted that
on two occasions discussion panels were formed to address some of
the fundamental aspects of modulated structures in view of the
imnressive of advanced experimental techniaues (lattice ann
result~
structure imaqinq techniaues in hinh resolution electron microscoP";
X-ray and neutron diffraction Methods, etc.) and the new theories"
of statistical mechanics such as the anisotrooic next nearest
neinhbor Isinq model and others. Finally a n~mber of successful
workshops were held in which specific talks and discussions
complemented the invited lectures and provided a framework of
exchanninn ideas for future work.
Most of these lectures are included in this publication. A
particular effort was made by the Editor and authors to avoid
specialized terminolony and to address fundarlental asnects. Gecause
of the interdisciplinary nature of the Institute, the tarnet of
this publication is dual. First to transfer knowledne from areas
involvinn natural modulated structure materials (orderinn,
clusterinn, etc.) to the relatively new field of synthetic layered
structures (Metallic or semiconductors) and second to utilize the
well defined synthetic modulated structures to answer sone difficult
ouestions of the natural state. This dynanic internlay nlays a
2
significant role also in the of new materials of unusual
develop~ent
properties about which the field of materials science is centered.
The eiqht chapters of the book reflect this philosophy. In
addition to the aspects of the modulated structure
funda~ental
materials, certain applications in hiah technoloay areas are also
discussed by some authors.
The Institute I'/as snonsored by the Advanced Study Institute of
the NATO Scientific Affairs Division to which the Editor is qreatly
indebted. In particular the Editor wishes to express his sincere
aporeciation to Dr. C. Sinclair, Director of the ASI program, not
only for his continuous assistance the difficult neriod of
durin~
ornanizinq the Institute but also for his kind visit and talk in
Crete which fostered some of the basic tarqets set by the Director
and the II.SI.
The director wishes to exoress his qratitude to the Deoartment
of Mechanics and Materials Science for their valuable assistance
toward the orqanization of the Institute and in particular to
Professor Yu Chen, Chairman of the Department and Dean Ellis Dill
of the Colleqe of Ennineerina of Rutgers University.
The Editor is greatly indebted to Ms. Donna Foster for her
excellent and dedicated work in the of this manuscrint
pre~aration
and Mrs. Renata Joyner for her valuable help during the ornanization
of the conference. Special thanks also to Barbara Karl and
~1rs.
Mrs. Claudia Kuchinow.
\'Jords are insufficient to express Ply sincere appreciation to
my wife ry Tsaka 1a kos for her moral support and understandi nSl
~1a
and the endless assistance she provided durina the organization of
the conference and the preparation of the proceedinns.
Finally the Director expresses his qratitude to the orqanlzlno
committee, Helen Badekas, Jerry Cohen and Gust Bal'lbakidis for their
valuable assistance in brinqinq this Institute to a success.
Thomas Tsakalakos
Director, NATO Advanced
Study Institute on
Modulated Structure Materials
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface. . . . . . 1
0 • 0 • 0 • • • 0 • • • • • • • 0 • ••
Introduction
Modulated Structure Materials: A Selected Review .• 11
S.C. MOSS
Chapter 1: iheoretical Aspects of Modulated Structures
Modulated Structures in a Simple Ising Model. • 23
\L SELKE
Composition in Solid Solutions. . • 43
~lodulations
D. DeFONTAINE
Insulator Transition in Nodulated Crystal s. 81
~1etal
C. fvJ. Soukou 1i s
A New Theory of Polytypism .•.•. 95
J. SMITH, J. YEOMANS AND V. HEINE 0 • • • • • •
Densities of States of Compositionally Modulated
Alloys. • . • • . • . 107
0 • • • 0 • • • • • 0 ••
A. GONIS AND N.K. FLEVARIS
Time Evolution of Phase Separation in Binary
Mi xtures . • . • . . . • . 125
0 • • • • • • • • • ••
J. MARRO AND M.H. KALOS
Chapter 2: Crystallography of Modulated Structures
The Incommensurate Crystalline Phase and its
Symmetry. . • . 133
P.M. de NOLFF 0 • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • •
Superspace Transformation Properties of Incommensurate
Irreducible Distortions 151
J.M. PtREZ-MATO, G. MADA0 RIA•G•A •AN•D •M .0 J. • TE• LL• O • • • •
Crystal Structures of Complex Sulfides: From
to Modular Structures •.•. 159
~lodulated
0 • 0 • 0 •
E. MAKOVICKY
4
Chapter 3: Diffraction Methods
High Resolution Electron Microscopy Study of
Manganese Si1icides .••. 173
0 •••••••••••
HoQ. YE AND S. AMELINCKX
The Use of Hi gh Reso 1u t i on E1 ectron croscopy
~'li
in the Study of Modulated Structures in Alloy
Systems . • . • . • • . • . • . • . . . • .• . 183
S. AMELINCKX, J. VAN LANDUYT AND G. VAN TENDELOO
Electron Microscopic Study of Modulated Structures
i n (Au, Ag )T e 2 . . 223
0 • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • •
G. VAN TENDE[OO, P. GREGORIADES AND S. AMELINCKX
Incommensurate Structures in the Long-Period
Ordered Alloys Studied by High-Resolution
E1 ectron Mi croscopy . • . 247
0 • • • • • 0 • 0 •• 0
D. WATANABE AND O. TERASAKI
Analysis of Diffuse Scattering Composition
fro~
Modulations in Concentrated Alloys. . . . . 265
P. GEORGOPOULOS AND J.B. COHEN
Neutron Investigation of Structures. 285
~1odulated
R. CURRAT
Atom Probe Field-Ion Microscopy Studies of
Modulated Structures •.•. 309
0 • • • • • • • • • • •
S.S. BRENNER, MoKo MILLER AND W.A. SOFFA
Chapter 4: Mechanics of Modulated Structures
The Elastic Theory of the Defect Solid Solution •.• 327
J.W. MORRIS, JR., A.G. KHATCHATURYAN AND
S.H.
~JEN
On the Mechanics of Modulated Structures.. •.•. 357
E. C. AIFANTIS
The Effect of Strain on the Elastic Constants
of Copper 387
0 • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • 0 • 0 • • • •
T. TSAKALAKOS AND A.F. JANKOWSKI
Chapter 5: Spinodal Structures
Mechanical Behavior of Spinodal Alloys .•.•. 411
0 •
L.H. SCHHARTZ
A Study of Kinetics in Spinodal
~Iumerical
Decomposition •.•.•...•.•.•...•.• 425
T. TSAKALAKOS AND M.P. DUGAN
5
Chapter 6: Composition Modulated Films
Manufacture of Ternary Thin Film Layered Foils by
Controlled Evaporation. . • . • . • • . • 439
AND T. TSAKAlAKOS
c.~:. ~·1ANIKOPOULOS
Theoretical Approaches to Understanding the
Properties of Modulated Structures - A Review ..•. 455
P.C. CLAPP
Mechanical and Thermoelectric Behavior of
Modulated Foils .•.•...•.•.•. 465
Co~position
D. BARAl, J.B. KETTERSON AND J.E. HILLIARD
Effects of Short Havelength Composition
Modulations on Interdiffusion in Silver-Palladium
Thin Foils. . • . • . • . • . . . . . . . 475
G.E. H~NEIH AND J.E. HILLIARD
Compositionally t10dulated Hetall ic Glasses 491
0
A. L. GREER
Electrical Properties of Multilayered Cr/Si02
Thin Films .•.•...•.•.....•.•.•. 501
D. NIARCHOS, B.J. PAPATHEOFANIS, G. MONFROY,
M. TANIElIAN AND J. WIllHITE
Chapter 7: Semiconductor Superlattices
Tailored Semiconductors: Compositional and
Doping Superlattices •.•.••..... 509
G.H. DOHlER
Chapter 8: Modulations in Solids
Premartensitic Behavior and Charge Density Haves
in TiNi Alloys . • . • . . . . . . . . . . .. 539
C.M. M. MEICHlE, M.B. SALAMON AND
H\~ANG.
C.M. WAYMAN
Electronic Contributions to Mixing- and Gradient-
Energy of Composition-Modulated Alloy System ... 557
1-:. YAMAUCHI 0
Mechanical Behavior of Solid Film Adhesives with
Scrim Carrier Cloths .•. 567
0 ••••••• 0 ••••
E. SANCAKTAR
Orientational Phase Transitions in a Quasi-One-
Dimensional Conductor •. 583
0 • 0 • 0 • 0 ••••• 0 •
C. MAVROYANNIS
6
Electron-Libron Pairing in Quasi-One-Dimensional
Conductors. • . • . 599
0 • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • •
C. MAVROYANNIS