Modular Optical Design

214 Pages·1982·3.82 MB·English

by  Professor Orestes N. Stavroudis (auth.)

Springer Series in Optical Sciences Volume 28
Edited by David L. MacAdam
Springer Series in Optica1 Sciences
Edited by David L. MacAdam
Editorial Board: J. M. Enoch D. L. MacAdam A. L. Schawlow T. Tamir
SoIid-8tate Laser Engineering 16 Holographie Interferometry
By. W. Koechner From the Scope of Deformation Analysis of
2 Table of Laser Lines in Gases and Vapors Opaque Bodies
3rd Edition By W. Schumann and M. Dubas
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4 Nonlinear Laser Spedroseopy 19 Color Theory and Its Applieation in Art and
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5 Opties and Lasers By G. A. Agoston
An Engineering Physics Approach 20 Interferometry by Holography
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9 High-Power Lasers and ApplieatioDS An Introduction
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12 TheMonteCarloMethodinAtmospherleOptics 27 Color Measurement
By G.1. Marchuk, G. A. Mikhailov, Theme and Variations
M.A.Nazaraliev,RA.Darbinian,B.A.Kargin, By D. L. MacAdam
and B. S. Elepov 28 Modular Optical Design
13 Physiologieal Opties By O. N. Stavroudis
By Y. Le Grand and S. G. EI Hage 29 Inverse Problems in Laser Sounding of the
14 Laser Crystals Physics and Properties Atmoshpere By V.E. Zuev and I.E. Naats
By A. A. Kaminskii 30 Laser Spectr05ropy V
15 X-Ray Speetroseopy Editors: A. R W. McKellar, T. Oka, and
By B. K. Agarwal B. P. StoichefT
Orestes N. Stavroudis
Modular
Optical Design
With 54 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1982
Professor ORESTES N. STAVROUDIS
Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Editorial Board
JAY M. ENOCH, Ph. D. ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW, Ph. D.
School of Optometry, Department of Physics, Stanford University
University of Califomia Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
THEODOR TAMIR, Ph. D.
DAVID L. MACADAM, Ph. D.
981 East Lawn Drive,
68 Hammond ~treet, Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA
Rochester, NY 14615, USA
ISBN 978-3-662-14473-2 ISBN 978-3-540-38801-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-38801-2
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Stavroudis, O. N. (Orestes Nicholas),
1923-Modular optical design. (Springer series in optical sciences ; v. 28) Includes bibliograph
ical references and index. 1. Optical instruments-Design and construction. I. Title. 11. Series.
QC372.2.D4S7 681'.4 81-14336 AACR2
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© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1982
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1982.
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Quando che 'I cubo con le cose appresso,
Se agguaglia 0 qua/che numero discreto:
Trouan dui altri, differenti in esso.
Dapoi Terrai, queste per consueto,
Che 'I lor produtto, sempre sia equale
AI terzo cubo, delle cose neto
EI residuo poi suo generale,
Delli lor lati cubi, ben sostratti
Varra 10 tua co so principale.
In el secondo, de cotesti atti;
Quando che 'I cubo restasse lui solo,
Tu asseruerai quest' altri contratti,
DeI numer farai due, tal part' 0 nolo
Che I'una, in I'altra, si produca schietto,
EI terze cubo delle co se in stolo
Delle quai poi per commun precetto,
Torrai li lati cubi, insieme gionti
Et cotal somma, saro iI tue concetto:
EI terzo, poi de questi nostri conti,
Se solue col secondo, se ben guardi
Che per natura son quali congionti
Questi trousi, & non con pass i tardi
e e
Nel mille cinquecent' quattro trenta;
Con rondamenti ben saldi, e gagliardi,
Nella Citta dal mar' intorno cento.
T ART ACLlA--1539
Foreword
Images are ubiquitous. Their formation is one of natures universalities. Water
droplets in suspension act in concert to produce rainbows. A partially filled
wine glass can be made to form the image of a chandelier at aboring dinner
party. The bottom of a water glass, too, can be made to produce an optical
image, wildly distorted perhaps, but nevertheless recognizable as an optical
image.
Primitive folklore abounds with images. Perseus used his highly polished
shield as a rear view mirror to lop off Medusa's head without turning hirnself
into stone. Narcissus, displaying incrediblY poor taste, fell in love with
his own reflection in a pool of water, causing poor Echo to pine away to a
me re echo and providing yet another term for the psychoanalytic lexicon.
Strepsiades, according to Aristophanes, proposed using a "burning stone" to
melt a summons off the bailiff's wax tablet. And the castaways in Jules Vernes'
MYsterious Is~nd made a burning glass by freezing water in a watch crystal.
Everyone from the Baron Münchhausen to Tom Swift has gotten into the optics
act with incredible but eminently useful optical devices.
Indeed, Mother Nature herself has had a hand in evolving image-making de
vices. Any reasonably symmetrie glob of transparent material, such as an ag
gregate of cells, is capable of forming an image. It is not difficult to imag
ine the specialization of such an aggregate into a blastula-like structure
with an anterior window and light sensitive neurons at its posterior region.
That such an organ would evolve into an eye, able to form and perceive images
of an external universe, would appear to be in inevitable consequence of the
pressures of natural selection. It is therefore not coincidence that the
higher Mollusks and the higher Chordates, two phila vastly dissimilar bio
chemically, morphologically, and environmentally, have evolved eyes which
are almost identical structurally.
Perhaps one can dare to say that optical design is the most ancient pro
fession although not necessarily as disreputable as another that shares this
distinction. There has always been something of the arcane about it. The lens
VIII
grinder's laboratory, 1ike the a1chemist's, was a scary p1ace. The men that
1abored in them also must have appeared strange and remote, 1ike Baruch de
Spinoza, banished and excommunicated, who made his 1iving as an optician to
support his phi10sophica1 writings.
In this day and age, 1ens design is still more an art than a science. In
spite of the use of computers and computer programs in optica1 design, its
ski11s are best 1earned by practica1 exercise, by experience, by doing - not
by 1earned treatises such as this. In this sense these ski11s, to the out
sider, sme11 of the occu1t. One suspects 1ens designers of casting spe11s
and uttering incantations to master, if not to exorcise, the evi1 aberratl0ns.
This sort of wzardry goes beyond my puny powers. All I can do is provide the
book. The bell and cand1e I must 1eave to others.
Preface
This book offers no spells, no incantations, no whiff of incense, not even
something as practical as a ready-made ju-ju. It is concerned with a new ap
proach to the initial stages of optical design. It offers a collection of
concepts and the accompanying equations for generating third- and fifth-order
optical designs. When properly set up, the process is rapid and economical.
A computer is required; the backs of envelopes, slide rules, desk calculators
and abaci are all insufficiently rapid or accurate to perform the required
calculations. The process is not, on the other hand, automatie design. The
guidance of an experienced and wise operator is imperative.
We begin with a chapter on paraxial and third-order preliminaries, fol
lowed by a chapter on the Delano y-y diagram. This we have found useful, not
so much as ades i gn too 1, bu t as a heuri s ti c devi ce for revea 1i ng the secre ts
of the module. In the third chapter, the two-surface system is studied ex
haustively, a preliminary to the fourth chapter in which the module is defined
and some of its properties revealed. In the fifth chapter further properties
are studied in terms of the module's singularities.
The point of the proposition is reached in Chapter 6, where the method of
assembling modules into lens designs is discussed and the appropriate lens
design equations are derived. It is here we find how to make third-order" aber
rations vanish. Chapter seven extends these results to the domain of the fifth
order aberrations and of seventh-order spherical aberration. Chapter 8 contains
several examples. In Chapter 9 is found an appropriate coda, complete with the
usual speculation about future developments.
AeknowZedgments. The research, the results of which are presented here, was
conductedover aperiod of many years. It began while I was employed in the
Optics and Metrology Division at the National Bureau of Standards in Washing
ton, D.C. and was continued at the University of Arizona under the leadership
of Aden Meinel and Peter Franken, past Director and Director, respectively,
of the Optical Sciences Center, whose generous support and encouragement I
gratefully acknowledge. Thanks are also due to the Department of Defense's
project THEMIS, and to the Perkin Foundation whose funds made this work pos-
x
sible. My thanks go also to my students, Frank Powell, Romeo Mercado, and
Douglas Anderson for daring to undertake extensive research in such an un
fashionable area. For her infinite patience and her tacit but palpable sup
port I thank my wife Dorle, especially for her tolerance of the persistent
piles of peculiar litter that accumulate~ wherever I happened to be working.
I must thank Keith Treptow, t1.D., whose expert and wise ministrations helped
extract me from a deep and dismal abyss into which I fell during the prepa
ration of this book. Finally, I thank Elena Bennett, who cheerfully and ex
pertly typed thi s mess.
Tucson, Ari zona
June, 1981 Orestes Stavroudis