Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates

882 Pages·2010·45.66 MB·English

MODERN TEXT BOOK OF ZOOLOGY

[ ANIMAL DIVERSITY - II ]

MODERN TEXT BOOK OF ZOOLOGY
VERTEBRATES

I ANIMAL DIVERSITY - II |

R.L.KOTPAL

FORMERLY,
PROFESSOR
AND
HEAD
DEPARTMENT
OF
ZOOLOGY
MEERUT COLLEGE
MEERUT

SEW DELHI
OFFICE:
9. RANI JHANSI ROAD
I MOTtA KHAN I
NEW DELHI 110055

PUBLISHED
Bt
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MODERN T I M BOOK OF ZOOUKJY
VERTEBRATES

ISBN No. : 978-81-7133-891-7

' RESERVED
All rights reserved. No part of this hunk (any edition 'reprint) may be
produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted m any form what so
ever or by any means electmnically
or mechanically or h\ photocopy'ing,
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Infringement oj copyright is a criminal offence.

ISBN 81-7133-891-7

Contents

1. Phylum Chordata : An Introduction
1-12

WHAT IS CHORDATA ?

CHORDATE ANIMALS.

DIVERSITY OF CHORDATES.

THREE FUNDAMENTAL CHORDATE CHARACTERS,

CHARACTERS COMMON TO CHORDATES AND HIGHER

NON-CHGRDATES.

ADVANCEMENTS OF CHORDATA OVER OTHER PHYLA.

COMPARISON
(DIFFERENCES) 'OF
CHORDATES
WITH

NON-CHORDATES.

ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF CHORDATA.

MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS OF PHYLUM CHORDATA.

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PHYLUM CHORDATA.

BRIEF CLASSIFICATION OF CHORDATA WITH CHARACTERS.

Contents

SECTION 1
PROTOCHORDATES

'2, Type 1. Balanoglossus
: A Tongue Worm
13-28

AFFINITIES & SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF

BALANOGLOSSUS
(HEMICHORDATA).

3 . Subphylum I. Hemichordata
29-33

GENERAL CHARACTERS.
OTHER HEMICHORDATES :

. CLASSIFICATION.
I. SACCOGWSSUS
(= DOLJCHOGLOSSUS).
2,
PTYCHODERA

3. RHABDOPLEURA.
4. CEPHALODISCUS.
5. ATUBAR1A.

4 , Type 2. Herdmania : A Sea-Squirt
34-53

AFFINITIES AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF
HERDMANIA

(UROCHORDATA)

5 . Subphylum II. Urochordata

GENERAL CHARACTERS,

CLASSIFICATION.

OTHER UROCHORDATES :

1. ASCIDIA. 2. CIONA. 3, CIAVEIJJNA.
4. BOTRYLLUS.

5, MOLGVLA. 6, PYROSOMA. 1. DOUOLUM.
8. SALPA.

9.
OIKOPLEURA.

6 . Type 3. Branchiostoma
(= Amphioxus)
The Lancelet
65—85

Contents

86-90

GENERAL CHARACTERS.
AFFINITIES AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION.

PRIMITIVE, DEGENERATE AND

SPECIALIZED CHARACTERS OF BRANCH IOSTOMA

(CEPHALOCHORDATA).

7 . Subphylum 111. Cephalochordata

8 . Protochordata : General and Comparative
91-

WHAT ARE PROTOCHORDATES ?

SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTOCHORDATES.

COMPARISON OF THREE PROTOCHORDATE SUBPHYLA

(1. GENERAL COMPARISON. 2. HABITS' AND HABITAT.

3. ALIMENTARY CANALS AND ASSOCIATED GLANDS.

4. PHARYNX. 5. FOOD AND FEEDING. 6. EXCRETORY

SYSTEM. 7. NERVOUS SYSTEM).

SECTION II
LOWER VERTEBRATES

9 . Subphylum IV. Vertebrata

WHAT ARE VERTEBRATES ?

CHORDATES VERSUS VERTEBRATES.

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA.

DIVERSITY OF VERTEBRATES.

99-110

PHYLOGENY
OR
EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY
OF

VERTEBRATES.

ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF VERTEBRATES (CHORDATES ).

1 0 . Class 1. Ostracodermi (Extinct)
111-114

OCCURRENCE.
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE.

IMPORTANT FEATURES.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND AFFINITIES.

CLASSIFICATION.

1 1 . Type 4. Petromyzon : The Lamprey

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

115-124

Contents

1 2 . Class 2. Cyclostomata

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

CLASSIFICATION

OTHER CYCLOSTOMES :

I. MYXINE, 2. EPTATRETUS
(=
BDEU.OSTOMA).

1 3 . Class 3. Placodermi (Extinct)

THE FIRST JAWED VERTEBRATES.

OCCURRENCE.

IMPORTANT FEATURES.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

1 5 . Class 4. Chondrichthyes :
The Cartilaginous Fishes

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

CLASSIFICATION.

OTHER CHONDRICHTHYES :

1. DOGFISHES (SCfUQmmm,
SQUAWS,
MUSTELUS).

2. SHARKS (RHINCODON,
CETORH/NUS,
CARCHARODON.

CARCHARINUS.
HEXANCHUS.
CHLAMYDOSELA CHUS.

195_1
X
»/
X «Jr X

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LAMPREYS AND HAGH8HES.

AFFINITIES OF CYCLOSTOMATA.

PHYLOGENETIC STATUS OF CYCLOSTOMATA.

132-134

CLASSIFICATION.

BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE.

135-164

165-169

HEPTRA NCH1AS.
ClADOSELA CHE.
STEGOSTOMA,

SPHYRNA).
3. SKATES AND RAYS {MANTA, MOBVLA,
RAJA,

MYUOBATIS,
DASYATIS,
TORPEDO).
4. SAWFISH
(PRiSTlS)

AND
G U I T A E F B H
{RB1NOBATUS). 5.
OHMAERAS

(HYDROIAGUS
= CHIMAERA)

1 4 . Type 5. Scoliodon : The Dogfish :
A Cartilaginous Fish

1 6 . Type 6. Labeo rohita : Rohu : A Bony Fish

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.
. •

170-178

Contents

1 7 . Class 5. Osteichthyes : The Bony Fishes

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

CLASSIFICATION.

OTHER OSTEICHTHYES :

[I] LOBE-FINNED FISH (LAT1MER1A). [II] LUNG
FISH

(NEOCERATODUS,
LEPIDOSIREN,
PROTOPTERUS).

[Ill] GANOID FISH (POLYPTERUS, ACIPENSOR,
POLYODON.

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF SUPERCLASS PISCES.

CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERCLASS PISCES.

COMPARISON
BETWEEN
CHONDRICHTHYES
AND

OSTEICHTHYES.

DIPNOI.

TYPES OF FINS.

ORIGIN OF FINS.

TYPES OF CAUDAL FINS AND TAILS.

SCALES OF FISHES.

2 0 . Class 6, Amphibia

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

CLASSIFICATION.

OTHER
AMPHIBIA
:
[I]
LIMBLESS
AMPHIBIANS

(ICHTHYOPIUS,
URA EOTYPH IX) US,
TYPHLONECTES).

[II]
SALAMANDERS
AND
NEWTS
(ANURIAS
=

MEGALO
BATRACHUS,
CRYPTOBRANCHUS,
AMBYSTOMA.

179-191

IEPISOSTEVS
A MIA)
flV]
ADVANCED
RAY-FINNFH

FISHES (SAIMO, NOTOPTFRUS, CIAK1US.
HETEROPNEUSITS,

WALLAG0NIA,
ANGUIII1
AMPHIPNOUS,
OPIflOCtPHAU'S,

HEMIRHAMPHU.% EXOCOETUS. HIPPOCAMPUS,
WNGKAIM'S,

HSTULAR1A,
ANABAS,
PLEURGNECTES,
ECHENESiS,

TETRODON. BIOD0N,
OSTRACION.
LOPHIUS).

192-216

AIR BLADDER OR SWIM BLADDER.

ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

PARENTAL CARE IN FISHES.

AIR BLADDER OF SWIM BLADDER.

ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

PARENTAL CARE IN FISHES.

MIGRATION IN FISHES.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FISHES.

217-254

255-264

AXOWTL,
SAIAMANDRA,
TARICHA
=
TRITURUS,

TRILOTRITON,
PLETHODON.
AMPHIUMA.
PROTEUS,

NECTURUS, SIREN). [HI] FROGS AND TOADS (ASCAPHUS,

ALYTES,
BOMBINATOR,
XENOPUS.
PIPA,
BUFO,
HYLA.

RHACOPHORUS,
ASTYWSTERNUS,
RAN A
GOLIATH.

PHYLLOBATES),

1 8 . Superclass Pisces and Fish General

1 9 . Type 7. Rana tigrina : Common Indian Bull Frog
Now Called as Hoplobatrachus
tigrinus

Contents

2 1 . Amphibia : General Account
265-273

NEOTBNY AND PAEDOGENESIS.
ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF AMPHIBIA,

PARENTAL CARE IN AMPHIBIA.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF AMPHIBIA.

SECTION HI
HIGHER VERTEBRATES

2 2 . Type 8. Uromastix
hardwickii:
The Spiny Tailed Lizard
274-296

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

2 3 . Type 9. Calotes versicolor : The Garden Lizard
297-304

2 4 . Snakes : General Account

SUPERSTITIONS.

LOCOMOTION.

HEARING.

FEEDING MECHANISM.

POISON APPARATUS.

BITING MECHANISM.

305-313

SNAKE VENOM.

SYMPTOMS OF SNAKE BITE (EFFECTS OF VENOM).

ANTIVENIN (CURE OF SNAKE BITE).

FIRST AID TREATMENT OF SNAKE BITE.

•DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
POISONOUS
AND

NON-POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA.

Contents

25* Class 7. Reptilia

-

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

CLASSIFICATION.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SNAKES AND LIZARDS.

OTHER
REPTILIA
:
[I] TURTLES
AND
TORTOISES

(.DERMOCHELYS.
CHELONIA,
TRIONYX,
CHELYDRA,

MACROLEMYS,
CHRYSEMYS,
KACHUGA,
.CHELODINA,

CHELYS,
TESTUDO).
[II]
RHYNCHOCEPHALIA

(SPHENODON).
[Ill]
LIZARDS
(1.
HEM IDA CTYLUS,

2. DRACO, 3. PHRYNOSOMA,
4. MABOUIA, 5.
CHAMELEON,

6. HELODERMA, 7. IGUANA, 8. VARANUS, 9. OPH1SAURUS).

[IV] SNAKES
:
A.
NON-POISONOUS
1.
TYPHLOPS

26.
Reptilia : General Account

ORIGIN OF REPTILES.

EVOLUTION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION.

2 7 . Type 10. Columba livia :
The Common Rock Pigeon

2 8 . Class 8. Aves : The Birds

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

CLASSIFICATION.

COMMON BIRDS OF INDIA : 1. HOUSE SPARROW (PASSER),

2. CROW
(CORVUS).
3. WEAVER
BIRD (PLOECIOUS).

4. COMMON
MYNA (ACRIDOTHERES).
5. HILL MYNA

(•GRACULA). 6. HOOPOE (UPUPA). 7. KOEL (EUDYNAMIS).

314—330

2. UROPELTIS, 3. PTYAS OR ZAMENIS, 4.
TROPIDONOTUS,

5. LYCODON, 6. DENDROPHIS,
7. DRYOPHIS, 8.
PYTHON,

9. ERYX). B. POISONOUS SNAKES : I. COBRAS
(NAJA

TR1PUDIANS, NAM
HANNAH).
2. KRAITS
(BUNGARUS).

3. PITLESS
VIPERS
(VIPERA,
ECHIS).
4. PIT
VIPERS

(ANCISTRODON,
LACHESIS, CROTAWS).
5. SEA SNAKES

(HYDROPHIS),
6,
CORAL
SNAKES
(HEMIBUNGARUS,

CALLOPHIS,
MICRURUS).
[V].
CROCODIUANS.

DISTINCTION
OF
CROCODYLUS,
AlUGATOR
AND

GAV1AUS.

331-337

MESOZOIC REPTILES.

DINOSAURS.

338-379

380-391

8.
LARGE
INDIAN
PARROT
(PSITTACULA).
9.
KITES

(MILVUS,
HAUASTER).
10.
VULTURES
(SARCOGYPS,

PSEUDOGYPS).
II.
OWLS
(BUBO,
KETUPA,
TYTO).

12. PEACOCK (PAVO). 1 ?. WOODPECKERS (BRACHYPTERNUS,

DRYOBATES).

Contents

FLIGHTLESS BIRDS (RATITAE).

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RATITAE AND CARINATAE.

AFFINITIES OF BIRDS.

ARCHAEOPTERYX AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE.

ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF BIRDS,

ORIGIN OF FLIGHT.

BIRDS ARE GLORIFIED REPTILES.

BIRDS AS A FLYING MACHINE.

MECHANISM OF FLIGHT (PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS).

MODES OF FLIGHT.

AERIAL OR FLIGHT ADAPTATIONS.

TYPES OF BEAKS.

TYPES OF FEET OR CLAWS.

KINDS OF PALATE.

MIGRATION OF BIRDS.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BIRDS.

3 0 . Type 11. Oryctolagus : The Rabbit
422-488

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RABBIT AND HARE.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

Class 9. Mammalia
489-514

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

CLASSIFICATION.

OTHER
MAMMALIA
: [I] EGG-LAYING
(OVIPAROUS)

MAMMALS
O S
MONOTREMES
(1.
TACHYGLOSSUS,

2. ZAGLOSSUS.
3. ORNITHORHYNCHUS.
[II]
POUCHED

MAMMALS
O R
MARSUPIALS
{4.
DIDELPHIS,

5. MACROPUS,
6, PHASCOLARCTOS).
[Ill] INSECT-EATING

MAMMALS
OR
INSKCTCVORA
(7. SOREX, 8. TALPA,

9. ER1NACEUS).
[IV] FLYING MAMMALS (10.
PTEROPUS

OR
CYNOPTERUS,
11. RHINOLOPHUS,
12.
DESMODUS).

[V]
TOOTHLESS
MAMMALS
(13.
BRADYPUS,

14.
MYRMECOPHAGA,
15.
DASYPUS).
[VI]
OTHER

ANTKATERS
(16.
MANIS,
17.
ORYCTEROPUS).

[VII]
GNAWING
MAMMALS
(18. RATTUS,
19. MI'S,

20. FUNAMBULUS,
21. HYSTRIX. 22. CAVIA, 23. CASTOR).

[VIII] CARNIVOROUS
MAMMALS
(24. PANTHERA LEO,

25. FEUS
TIGRIS,
26. ACINONYX,
27. HYAENA, 28.
CAMS

LUPUS,
29.
HERPESTES, 30, MELURSUS,
31.
ODOBENUS,

32. PHOCA),
[IX] CETACEAN MAMMALS (33.
PHTSETER,

34.
ORCINUS,
35.
PLATAN1STA.
36.
DELPHINUS,

37. PHOCAESA.
38.
MONODON,
39.
BALAENOPTF.RA).

[X]
PRIMATES
(40.
LEMUR,
41.
LORIS, 42.
TARSIUS,

43. DAUBENTONIA,
44. ATELES,
45. ALOUATTA,
46. PAPIO.

47. MACACA. 48. PRESBYTES,
49. HYLOBATES, 50. PONGO,

51, PAN, 52. GORILLA).
[XI] HOOFED MAMMALS
OR

UNGULATES (53. EQUUS, 54. TAPIRUS, 55.
RHINOCEROS,

56. SUS, 57. HIPPOPOTAMUS,
58. CAMELUS,
59. LLAMA,

60. GIRAFFA).

3 2 , Subclass Prototheria (Order Monotremata)
'515-518

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS.

CLASSIFICATION.

AFFINITIES.

Contents

3 3 . Infraclass Metatheria^(Order Marsupialia)
519-523

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS.
DISTRIBUTION OF METATHERIA.

CLASSIFICATION.
AFFINITIES.

DENTITION IN MAMMALS.
ADAPTIVE CONVERGENCE IN MAMMALS.

AQUATIC MAMMALS AND ADAPTATIONS.
ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF MAMMALS.

FLYING (VOLANT) MAMMALS AND ADAPTATIONS.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MAMMALS

ADAPTIVE RADIATION IN MAMMALS.

SECTION IV
VERTEBRATE OSTEOLOGY

mf

mJ'mJm Endoskeleton of ScoUodon
544-549

3 6 . Endoskeleton of Labeo rohita
ccc
**J +J \J
«J» Jl

HT
•J' / • Endoskeleton of Frog
556-567

38. Endoskeleton of Varanus
568-581

m
Endoskeleton of Fowl
vJ m
y \J

40. Endoskeleton of Rabbit
597-611

Contents

SECTION V
VERTEBRATE EMBRYOLOGY

4 1 . Introduction of Vertebrate Embryology
612-619

42® Development of Balanoglossus
620-623

43® Development of Herdmania
624-629

44.
Development of Branchiostoma
630-636

4 5 . Development of Frog
637-650

4 6 . Development of Chick (Fowl)
651-662

STRUCTURE OF EGG OF HEN OR FOWL.
EXTRA-EMBRYONIC OR FOETAL MEMBRANES IN CHICK.

47^ Development of Rabbit
663-668

4 8 . Placentation in Mammals
669-675

Contents

SECTION VI
MISCELLANY

676-702

1. SKIN OF FROG.
15. PANCREAS.

2. SKIN OF RABBIT.
16. LUNG OF FROG.

3. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ALIMENTARY CANAL.
17. LUNG OF RABBIT.

4. OESOPHAGUS OF FROG.
18. HYALINE CARTILAGE.

5. OESOPHAGUS OF RABBIT.
19. BONE OF FROG.

6. STOMACH.
20. BONE OF RABBIT.

7. DUODENUM OF FROG.
21. BLOOD.

8. ILEUM OF FROG.
22. SPLEEN.

9. DUODENUM OF RABBIT.
23. SPINAL CORD,

10. ILEUM OF RABBIT.
24. KIDNEY OF FROG.

11. COLON OF RABBIT.
25, KIDNEY OF RABBIT.

12. RECTUM.
26. TESTIS.

13. LIVER OF FROG.
27. OVARY OF FROG.

14. LIVER OF RABBIT.
28. OVARY OF RABBIT.

4 9 . Organ Histology of Frog and Rabbit

5 0 . Wild Life of India

WHAT IS WILD LIFE ?

BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIAN WILD LIFE.

IMPROTANCE (VALUES) OF WILD LIFE.

THE VANISHING WILD LIFE.

IMPORTANT INDIAN WILD LIFE : (1. INDIAN CROCODILES,

2. GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD, 3. COMMON
PEAFOWL,

703-729

4. HORNBILLS, 5. INDIAN ELEPHANT, 6. INDIAN LION,

7. INDIAN TIGER, 8. INDIAN RHINO).

SANCTUARIES AND NATIONAL PARKS.

WILD LIFE ORGANIZATIONS.

METHODS OF WILD LIFE CONSERVATION.