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Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates PDF

882 Pages·2010·45.66 MB·English
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MODERN TEXT BOOK OF ZOOLOGY [ ANIMAL DIVERSITY - II ] MODERN TEXT BOOK OF ZOOLOGY VERTEBRATES I ANIMAL DIVERSITY - II | R.L.KOTPAL FORMERLY, PROFESSOR AND HEAD DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY MEERUT COLLEGE MEERUT SEW DELHI OFFICE: 9. RANI JHANSI ROAD I MOTtA KHAN I NEW DELHI 110055 PUBLISHED Bt RAKI SH Ki MAR RASTOGI FOR RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS. 'GANGOTRl' SHIVAJI Kt>AI>. MEERinV25tl IM12 PHONES 0121 25IOfiXH. 2SISI4J. 2S160Nil FAX til 21-2321545 email ] sylw®niM i >j! ipith Iiculion*.coin Wtbsite : ... ,1 • •. ,1.I. ^jjinh -J11. i nt f'RlNTHIJ AT ("APTIAL OFI-SET PRLSS NEW DELHI. I N U I \ Till I CODI M<> Z - 3 i ini ion 20ll*J - 21)10 MODERN T I M BOOK OF ZOOUKJY VERTEBRATES ISBN No. : 978-81-7133-891-7 ' RESERVED All rights reserved. No part of this hunk (any edition 'reprint) may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted m any form what so ever or by any means electmnically or mechanically or h\ photocopy'ing, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Infringement oj copyright is a criminal offence. ISBN 81-7133-891-7 Contents 1. Phylum Chordata : An Introduction 1-12 WHAT IS CHORDATA ? CHORDATE ANIMALS. DIVERSITY OF CHORDATES. THREE FUNDAMENTAL CHORDATE CHARACTERS, CHARACTERS COMMON TO CHORDATES AND HIGHER NON-CHGRDATES. ADVANCEMENTS OF CHORDATA OVER OTHER PHYLA. COMPARISON (DIFFERENCES) 'OF CHORDATES WITH NON-CHORDATES. ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF CHORDATA. MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS OF PHYLUM CHORDATA. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PHYLUM CHORDATA. BRIEF CLASSIFICATION OF CHORDATA WITH CHARACTERS. Contents SECTION 1 PROTOCHORDATES '2, Type 1. Balanoglossus : A Tongue Worm 13-28 AFFINITIES & SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF BALANOGLOSSUS (HEMICHORDATA). 3 . Subphylum I. Hemichordata 29-33 GENERAL CHARACTERS. OTHER HEMICHORDATES : . CLASSIFICATION. I. SACCOGWSSUS (= DOLJCHOGLOSSUS). 2, PTYCHODERA 3. RHABDOPLEURA. 4. CEPHALODISCUS. 5. ATUBAR1A. 4 , Type 2. Herdmania : A Sea-Squirt 34-53 AFFINITIES AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF HERDMANIA (UROCHORDATA) 5 . Subphylum II. Urochordata GENERAL CHARACTERS, CLASSIFICATION. OTHER UROCHORDATES : 1. ASCIDIA. 2. CIONA. 3, CIAVEIJJNA. 4. BOTRYLLUS. 5, MOLGVLA. 6, PYROSOMA. 1. DOUOLUM. 8. SALPA. 9. OIKOPLEURA. 6 . Type 3. Branchiostoma (= Amphioxus) The Lancelet 65—85 Contents 86-90 GENERAL CHARACTERS. AFFINITIES AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION. PRIMITIVE, DEGENERATE AND SPECIALIZED CHARACTERS OF BRANCH IOSTOMA (CEPHALOCHORDATA). 7 . Subphylum 111. Cephalochordata 8 . Protochordata : General and Comparative 91- WHAT ARE PROTOCHORDATES ? SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTOCHORDATES. COMPARISON OF THREE PROTOCHORDATE SUBPHYLA (1. GENERAL COMPARISON. 2. HABITS' AND HABITAT. 3. ALIMENTARY CANALS AND ASSOCIATED GLANDS. 4. PHARYNX. 5. FOOD AND FEEDING. 6. EXCRETORY SYSTEM. 7. NERVOUS SYSTEM). SECTION II LOWER VERTEBRATES 9 . Subphylum IV. Vertebrata WHAT ARE VERTEBRATES ? CHORDATES VERSUS VERTEBRATES. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA. DIVERSITY OF VERTEBRATES. 99-110 PHYLOGENY OR EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF VERTEBRATES. ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF VERTEBRATES (CHORDATES ). 1 0 . Class 1. Ostracodermi (Extinct) 111-114 OCCURRENCE. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE. IMPORTANT FEATURES. INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND AFFINITIES. CLASSIFICATION. 1 1 . Type 4. Petromyzon : The Lamprey ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. 115-124 Contents 1 2 . Class 2. Cyclostomata GENERAL CHARACTERS. CLASSIFICATION OTHER CYCLOSTOMES : I. MYXINE, 2. EPTATRETUS (= BDEU.OSTOMA). 1 3 . Class 3. Placodermi (Extinct) THE FIRST JAWED VERTEBRATES. OCCURRENCE. IMPORTANT FEATURES. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. 1 5 . Class 4. Chondrichthyes : The Cartilaginous Fishes GENERAL CHARACTERS. CLASSIFICATION. OTHER CHONDRICHTHYES : 1. DOGFISHES (SCfUQmmm, SQUAWS, MUSTELUS). 2. SHARKS (RHINCODON, CETORH/NUS, CARCHARODON. CARCHARINUS. HEXANCHUS. CHLAMYDOSELA CHUS. 195_1 X »/ X «Jr X DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LAMPREYS AND HAGH8HES. AFFINITIES OF CYCLOSTOMATA. PHYLOGENETIC STATUS OF CYCLOSTOMATA. 132-134 CLASSIFICATION. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE. 135-164 165-169 HEPTRA NCH1AS. ClADOSELA CHE. STEGOSTOMA, SPHYRNA). 3. SKATES AND RAYS {MANTA, MOBVLA, RAJA, MYUOBATIS, DASYATIS, TORPEDO). 4. SAWFISH (PRiSTlS) AND G U I T A E F B H {RB1NOBATUS). 5. OHMAERAS (HYDROIAGUS = CHIMAERA) 1 4 . Type 5. Scoliodon : The Dogfish : A Cartilaginous Fish 1 6 . Type 6. Labeo rohita : Rohu : A Bony Fish ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. . • 170-178 Contents 1 7 . Class 5. Osteichthyes : The Bony Fishes GENERAL CHARACTERS. CLASSIFICATION. OTHER OSTEICHTHYES : [I] LOBE-FINNED FISH (LAT1MER1A). [II] LUNG FISH (NEOCERATODUS, LEPIDOSIREN, PROTOPTERUS). [Ill] GANOID FISH (POLYPTERUS, ACIPENSOR, POLYODON. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF SUPERCLASS PISCES. CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERCLASS PISCES. COMPARISON BETWEEN CHONDRICHTHYES AND OSTEICHTHYES. DIPNOI. TYPES OF FINS. ORIGIN OF FINS. TYPES OF CAUDAL FINS AND TAILS. SCALES OF FISHES. 2 0 . Class 6, Amphibia GENERAL CHARACTERS. CLASSIFICATION. OTHER AMPHIBIA : [I] LIMBLESS AMPHIBIANS (ICHTHYOPIUS, URA EOTYPH IX) US, TYPHLONECTES). [II] SALAMANDERS AND NEWTS (ANURIAS = MEGALO BATRACHUS, CRYPTOBRANCHUS, AMBYSTOMA. 179-191 IEPISOSTEVS A MIA) flV] ADVANCED RAY-FINNFH FISHES (SAIMO, NOTOPTFRUS, CIAK1US. HETEROPNEUSITS, WALLAG0NIA, ANGUIII1 AMPHIPNOUS, OPIflOCtPHAU'S, HEMIRHAMPHU.% EXOCOETUS. HIPPOCAMPUS, WNGKAIM'S, HSTULAR1A, ANABAS, PLEURGNECTES, ECHENESiS, TETRODON. BIOD0N, OSTRACION. LOPHIUS). 192-216 AIR BLADDER OR SWIM BLADDER. ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY ORGANS. PARENTAL CARE IN FISHES. AIR BLADDER OF SWIM BLADDER. ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY ORGANS. PARENTAL CARE IN FISHES. MIGRATION IN FISHES. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FISHES. 217-254 255-264 AXOWTL, SAIAMANDRA, TARICHA = TRITURUS, TRILOTRITON, PLETHODON. AMPHIUMA. PROTEUS, NECTURUS, SIREN). [HI] FROGS AND TOADS (ASCAPHUS, ALYTES, BOMBINATOR, XENOPUS. PIPA, BUFO, HYLA. RHACOPHORUS, ASTYWSTERNUS, RAN A GOLIATH. PHYLLOBATES), 1 8 . Superclass Pisces and Fish General 1 9 . Type 7. Rana tigrina : Common Indian Bull Frog Now Called as Hoplobatrachus tigrinus Contents 2 1 . Amphibia : General Account 265-273 NEOTBNY AND PAEDOGENESIS. ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF AMPHIBIA, PARENTAL CARE IN AMPHIBIA. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF AMPHIBIA. SECTION HI HIGHER VERTEBRATES 2 2 . Type 8. Uromastix hardwickii: The Spiny Tailed Lizard 274-296 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. 2 3 . Type 9. Calotes versicolor : The Garden Lizard 297-304 2 4 . Snakes : General Account SUPERSTITIONS. LOCOMOTION. HEARING. FEEDING MECHANISM. POISON APPARATUS. BITING MECHANISM. 305-313 SNAKE VENOM. SYMPTOMS OF SNAKE BITE (EFFECTS OF VENOM). ANTIVENIN (CURE OF SNAKE BITE). FIRST AID TREATMENT OF SNAKE BITE. •DISTINCTION BETWEEN POISONOUS AND NON-POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA. Contents 25* Class 7. Reptilia - GENERAL CHARACTERS. CLASSIFICATION. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SNAKES AND LIZARDS. OTHER REPTILIA : [I] TURTLES AND TORTOISES (.DERMOCHELYS. CHELONIA, TRIONYX, CHELYDRA, MACROLEMYS, CHRYSEMYS, KACHUGA, .CHELODINA, CHELYS, TESTUDO). [II] RHYNCHOCEPHALIA (SPHENODON). [Ill] LIZARDS (1. HEM IDA CTYLUS, 2. DRACO, 3. PHRYNOSOMA, 4. MABOUIA, 5. CHAMELEON, 6. HELODERMA, 7. IGUANA, 8. VARANUS, 9. OPH1SAURUS). [IV] SNAKES : A. NON-POISONOUS 1. TYPHLOPS 26. Reptilia : General Account ORIGIN OF REPTILES. EVOLUTION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION. 2 7 . Type 10. Columba livia : The Common Rock Pigeon 2 8 . Class 8. Aves : The Birds GENERAL CHARACTERS. CLASSIFICATION. COMMON BIRDS OF INDIA : 1. HOUSE SPARROW (PASSER), 2. CROW (CORVUS). 3. WEAVER BIRD (PLOECIOUS). 4. COMMON MYNA (ACRIDOTHERES). 5. HILL MYNA (•GRACULA). 6. HOOPOE (UPUPA). 7. KOEL (EUDYNAMIS). 314—330 2. UROPELTIS, 3. PTYAS OR ZAMENIS, 4. TROPIDONOTUS, 5. LYCODON, 6. DENDROPHIS, 7. DRYOPHIS, 8. PYTHON, 9. ERYX). B. POISONOUS SNAKES : I. COBRAS (NAJA TR1PUDIANS, NAM HANNAH). 2. KRAITS (BUNGARUS). 3. PITLESS VIPERS (VIPERA, ECHIS). 4. PIT VIPERS (ANCISTRODON, LACHESIS, CROTAWS). 5. SEA SNAKES (HYDROPHIS), 6, CORAL SNAKES (HEMIBUNGARUS, CALLOPHIS, MICRURUS). [V]. CROCODIUANS. DISTINCTION OF CROCODYLUS, AlUGATOR AND GAV1AUS. 331-337 MESOZOIC REPTILES. DINOSAURS. 338-379 380-391 8. LARGE INDIAN PARROT (PSITTACULA). 9. KITES (MILVUS, HAUASTER). 10. VULTURES (SARCOGYPS, PSEUDOGYPS). II. OWLS (BUBO, KETUPA, TYTO). 12. PEACOCK (PAVO). 1 ?. WOODPECKERS (BRACHYPTERNUS, DRYOBATES). Contents FLIGHTLESS BIRDS (RATITAE). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RATITAE AND CARINATAE. AFFINITIES OF BIRDS. ARCHAEOPTERYX AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE. ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF BIRDS, ORIGIN OF FLIGHT. BIRDS ARE GLORIFIED REPTILES. BIRDS AS A FLYING MACHINE. MECHANISM OF FLIGHT (PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS). MODES OF FLIGHT. AERIAL OR FLIGHT ADAPTATIONS. TYPES OF BEAKS. TYPES OF FEET OR CLAWS. KINDS OF PALATE. MIGRATION OF BIRDS. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BIRDS. 3 0 . Type 11. Oryctolagus : The Rabbit 422-488 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RABBIT AND HARE. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Class 9. Mammalia 489-514 GENERAL CHARACTERS. CLASSIFICATION. OTHER MAMMALIA : [I] EGG-LAYING (OVIPAROUS) MAMMALS O S MONOTREMES (1. TACHYGLOSSUS, 2. ZAGLOSSUS. 3. ORNITHORHYNCHUS. [II] POUCHED MAMMALS O R MARSUPIALS {4. DIDELPHIS, 5. MACROPUS, 6, PHASCOLARCTOS). [Ill] INSECT-EATING MAMMALS OR INSKCTCVORA (7. SOREX, 8. TALPA, 9. ER1NACEUS). [IV] FLYING MAMMALS (10. PTEROPUS OR CYNOPTERUS, 11. RHINOLOPHUS, 12. DESMODUS). [V] TOOTHLESS MAMMALS (13. BRADYPUS, 14. MYRMECOPHAGA, 15. DASYPUS). [VI] OTHER ANTKATERS (16. MANIS, 17. ORYCTEROPUS). [VII] GNAWING MAMMALS (18. RATTUS, 19. MI'S, 20. FUNAMBULUS, 21. HYSTRIX. 22. CAVIA, 23. CASTOR). [VIII] CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS (24. PANTHERA LEO, 25. FEUS TIGRIS, 26. ACINONYX, 27. HYAENA, 28. CAMS LUPUS, 29. HERPESTES, 30, MELURSUS, 31. ODOBENUS, 32. PHOCA), [IX] CETACEAN MAMMALS (33. PHTSETER, 34. ORCINUS, 35. PLATAN1STA. 36. DELPHINUS, 37. PHOCAESA. 38. MONODON, 39. BALAENOPTF.RA). [X] PRIMATES (40. LEMUR, 41. LORIS, 42. TARSIUS, 43. DAUBENTONIA, 44. ATELES, 45. ALOUATTA, 46. PAPIO. 47. MACACA. 48. PRESBYTES, 49. HYLOBATES, 50. PONGO, 51, PAN, 52. GORILLA). [XI] HOOFED MAMMALS OR UNGULATES (53. EQUUS, 54. TAPIRUS, 55. RHINOCEROS, 56. SUS, 57. HIPPOPOTAMUS, 58. CAMELUS, 59. LLAMA, 60. GIRAFFA). 3 2 , Subclass Prototheria (Order Monotremata) '515-518 DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS. CLASSIFICATION. AFFINITIES. Contents 3 3 . Infraclass Metatheria^(Order Marsupialia) 519-523 DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS. DISTRIBUTION OF METATHERIA. CLASSIFICATION. AFFINITIES. DENTITION IN MAMMALS. ADAPTIVE CONVERGENCE IN MAMMALS. AQUATIC MAMMALS AND ADAPTATIONS. ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY OF MAMMALS. FLYING (VOLANT) MAMMALS AND ADAPTATIONS. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MAMMALS ADAPTIVE RADIATION IN MAMMALS. SECTION IV VERTEBRATE OSTEOLOGY mf mJ'mJm Endoskeleton of ScoUodon 544-549 3 6 . Endoskeleton of Labeo rohita ccc **J +J \J «J» Jl HT •J' / • Endoskeleton of Frog 556-567 38. Endoskeleton of Varanus 568-581 m Endoskeleton of Fowl vJ m y \J 40. Endoskeleton of Rabbit 597-611 Contents SECTION V VERTEBRATE EMBRYOLOGY 4 1 . Introduction of Vertebrate Embryology 612-619 42® Development of Balanoglossus 620-623 43® Development of Herdmania 624-629 44. Development of Branchiostoma 630-636 4 5 . Development of Frog 637-650 4 6 . Development of Chick (Fowl) 651-662 STRUCTURE OF EGG OF HEN OR FOWL. EXTRA-EMBRYONIC OR FOETAL MEMBRANES IN CHICK. 47^ Development of Rabbit 663-668 4 8 . Placentation in Mammals 669-675 Contents SECTION VI MISCELLANY 676-702 1. SKIN OF FROG. 15. PANCREAS. 2. SKIN OF RABBIT. 16. LUNG OF FROG. 3. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ALIMENTARY CANAL. 17. LUNG OF RABBIT. 4. OESOPHAGUS OF FROG. 18. HYALINE CARTILAGE. 5. OESOPHAGUS OF RABBIT. 19. BONE OF FROG. 6. STOMACH. 20. BONE OF RABBIT. 7. DUODENUM OF FROG. 21. BLOOD. 8. ILEUM OF FROG. 22. SPLEEN. 9. DUODENUM OF RABBIT. 23. SPINAL CORD, 10. ILEUM OF RABBIT. 24. KIDNEY OF FROG. 11. COLON OF RABBIT. 25, KIDNEY OF RABBIT. 12. RECTUM. 26. TESTIS. 13. LIVER OF FROG. 27. OVARY OF FROG. 14. LIVER OF RABBIT. 28. OVARY OF RABBIT. 4 9 . Organ Histology of Frog and Rabbit 5 0 . Wild Life of India WHAT IS WILD LIFE ? BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIAN WILD LIFE. IMPROTANCE (VALUES) OF WILD LIFE. THE VANISHING WILD LIFE. IMPORTANT INDIAN WILD LIFE : (1. INDIAN CROCODILES, 2. GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD, 3. COMMON PEAFOWL, 703-729 4. HORNBILLS, 5. INDIAN ELEPHANT, 6. INDIAN LION, 7. INDIAN TIGER, 8. INDIAN RHINO). SANCTUARIES AND NATIONAL PARKS. WILD LIFE ORGANIZATIONS. METHODS OF WILD LIFE CONSERVATION.

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