Modern Solid State Fermentation: Theory and Practice PDF
Preview Modern Solid State Fermentation: Theory and Practice
Hongzhang Chen Modern Solid State Fermentation Theory and Practice Modern Solid State Fermentation Hongzhang Chen Modern Solid State Fermentation Theory and Practice HongzhangChen InstituteofProcessEngineering,CAS Beijing,China,People’sRepublic ISBN978-94-007-6042-4 ISBN978-94-007-6043-1(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-94-007-6043-1 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013933342 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Solid-statefermentationoriginatedinChinaandhasalonghistory.Becauseofthe water-saving, energy-saving, high-yield, and cleaning production advantages, solid-statefermentationhasgraduallyreceivedmuchattentionbycountriesworld- wide. After decades of rapid development, China has become the major power in the fermentation industry, and the proportion of the fermentation industry in the national industrial output value has gradually increased. However, because of insufficient understanding of the essence of solid-state fermentation itself and lag in research and development of fermentation equipment and related supporting technologies, many problems still need to be solved in large-scale application. At present,somerelatedsolid-statefermentationbooksmainlyfocusedonthedescrip- tion of the fermentation process yet ignored basic solid-state fermentation principles. The main content of this book concerns new scientific research and therelatedindustrialapplicationofsolid-statefermentation;forimprovementofthe technical level of the industry, the book systematically introduces the basic principlesandapplicationsofsolid-statefermentation. Based on the essence of solid-state fermentation and the natural solid-state fermentation process, this book examines the biological characteristics of related fermentation microorganisms; based on the principle of “three transports and one reaction” and the theory of porous media, the engineering process is clarified in detail.Basictheoryisusedtoexplaintheprocessofsolid-statefermentationandto highlight its unique advantages. Consequently, each chapter clarifies principles, technologies,processes,andapplications.Technologiesarederivedfromthebasic theoryprinciples;matureprocessesarethecouplingofdifferenttechnologies,and the modern solid-state fermentation technology platform is established by the organicintegrationofmultipleprocess. This book is a monograph that systematically discusses the basic principles of solid-state fermentation and its application. First, Chap. 1 introduces solid-state fermentationconnotationanddevelopment.Chapters2and3bringouttheessence of solid-state fermentation and related influencing factors, respectively, from biological and engineering perspectives. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 give the principles, thematchingprocess,andtheindustrializationofaerobicsolid-statefermentation, v vi Preface anaerobic solid-state fermentation, and adsorbed carrier solid-state fermentation, respectively.Finally,basedonstudyandunderstandingofsolid-statefermentation, severalprospectsforsolid-statefermentationdevelopmentareproposed. MyresearchisfinanciallysupportedbytheNationalBasicResearchProgramof China(973Project,No.2011CB707401);theNationalHighTechnologyResearch and Development Program of China (863 Program, SS2012AA022502); and the National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Program of China (No. 2011BAD22B02). In addition, my master’s and doctoral programs were essential preconditions for publishing this book. Especially, Master Yingyi Duan, Dr. Zhiguo Zhang, Dr. Guanhua Wang, Dr. Qin He, Dr. Guanhua Li, Dr. Litong Ma, and Dr. Ning Wang participated in writing some chapters. This book cites many references of our predecessors and colleagues. I wish to express my sincerethankstoallofthem. Some errors may exist in this book. Please point out the mistakes and give directionstomewheneveryouseeanyweaknessesorshortages.Isincerelyhopeto receivecorrectionandguidancelettersfromreaders. NationalKeyLaboratoryofBiochemicalEngineering HongzhangChen InstituteofProcessEngineering ChineseAcademyofSciences Beijing,P.R.China Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Solid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Solid-StateFermentationConnotation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 TheDifferenceBetweenSolid-StateFermentation andLiquidFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 AdvantagesandApplications ofSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 PrinciplesandRegulationsofModernSolid-State Fermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 Solid-StateFermentationProcessRegulation BasedonBiologicalCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.2 Solid-StateFermentationProcessRegulation BasedonSubstrateCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 DevelopmentofSolid-StateFermentationEngineering. . . . . . . . 12 1.3.1 UpstreamEngineeringofSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . 14 1.3.2 Solid-StateFermentationMidstreamEngineering. . . . . . . 15 1.3.3 Solid-StateFermentationDownstreamEngineering andAuxiliaryTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2 BiotechnologyPrinciplesofSolidStateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.1 OverviewoftheMicrobialPhysiology ofSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.1.1 MicrobialGrowthandMetabolicCharacteristics. . . . . . . 23 2.1.2 CharacteristicsoftheSolid-State FermentationInterfaceandTheirImpacts onMicrobialMetabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.1.3 FilamentousMicroorganismsontheSolidMatrix. . . . . . . 33 2.1.4 BacterialGrowthontheSolidMatrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 vii viii Contents 2.1.5 YeastGrowthonaSolidMatrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.1.6 NumericalSimulationofSolid-State FermentationbyNutritionalCarrierMatrix BasedonSegmentationandIntegration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.2 PropertiesoftheSolidMatrixinSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . 58 2.2.1 TypesofSolidMatrixSuitableforSolid-State Fermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.2.2 PretreatmentofSolidMatrix forSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.2.3 MaterialParametersAffecting Solid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.3 AsepticTechniquesandInoculationTechniques forLarge-ScaleSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2.3.1 Large-ScaleAsepticTechniquesforSolid-State Fermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2.3.2 InoculationTechnology forSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3 PrinciplesofSolid-StateFermentationEngineering andItsScale-Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.1 TheEssenceofSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.1.1 TheRelationshipBetweentheThree-PhaseRatio inFermentationandMicrobialPhysiology. . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.1.2 CharacteristicsandRolesoftheMatrixGasPhase inSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.1.3 TheRolesoftheEvapotranspirationProcess inSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.2 Solid-StateFermentationTransferPrinciple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.2.1 IntroductiontoHeatandMassTransfer inSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.2.2 TheoreticalBasisofHeat,Moisture,andSolute TransferProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.2.3 PhysicalParametersAffecttheSolidMatrix TransferProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.2.4 ChangesinNutritionalCarrierTransfer PropertiesDuringCellGrowth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.3 ThermalPhysicsPhenomenoninSolidSubstrate CoveredbyOrganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.3.1 Microorganism-MatrixSystemTransferProblems. . . . . . 115 3.3.2 EffectofMicrobialGrowthontheMatrixHeat TransferProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 3.3.3 EffectofMicrobialGrowthonMatrixMoisture andOxygenTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 3.3.4 EffectofMicrobialGrowthontheSolidMatrix. . . . . . . . 127 Contents ix 3.4 DesignandScale-UpofSolid-State FermentationBioreactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.4.1 Solid-StateFermentationBioreactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.4.2 FactorsthatInfluenceBioreactorDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3.4.3 ThePrincipleofScale-UpofaSolid-State FermentationBioreactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4 AerobicSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 4.1 BiologyandPhysicsFoundationofAerobicSolid-State Fermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 4.1.1 IntroductiontoAerobicSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . 141 4.1.2 AerobicMicroorganismsandNutrition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 4.1.3 PhysicalChemistryFoundationsofAerobicSolid Fermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.2 MixedSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.2.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.2.2 ProcessPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.2.3 ProcessEvaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 4.2.4 KeyTechnologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 4.2.5 ApplicationofMixedSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . 155 4.3 StaticClosedSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.3.1 TraySolid-StateFermentationTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . 158 4.3.2 PackedBedAerobicSolid-State FermentationTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 4.4 DynamicSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.4.1 RotatingDrumAerobicSolid-StateFermentation Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.4.2 Gas-SolidFluidizedBedFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.4.3 GasDoubleDynamicSolid-StateFermentation Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 4.5 NumericalSimulationoftheFermentationProcess UnderDifferentOperatingConditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4.5.1 BoundaryConditionsandControlEquationsforTray Solid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 4.5.2 BoundaryConditionsandControlEquations forForcedVentilationSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . . . 183 4.5.3 BoundaryConditionsandControlEquations ofGasDoubleDynamicSolid-StateFermentation. . . . . . 184 4.5.4 NumericalSimulationofCellulase ProductioninDifferentSolid-State FermentationOperatingModes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
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