Modern Physics Paul A

786 Pages·2010·22.16 MB·English

by  Paul A. Tipler

MODERN
PHYSICS
SIXTH EDITION
Paul A. Tipler
Formerly of Oakland University
Ralph A. Llewellyn
University of Central Florida
W. H. Freeman and Company
New York
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Executive Editor: Jessica Fiorillo
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Illustrations and Composition: Preparé
Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934108
ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-5078-8
ISBN-10: 1-4292-5078-X
© 2012, 2008, 2003, 2000 by W. H. Freeman and Company
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
First printing
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CONtENtS
PARt 1 Relativity and Quantum Mechanics:
The Foundations of Modern Physics 1
CHAPtER 1 Relativity I 3
1-1 The Experimental Basis of Relativity 4
CCR
Michelson-Morley Experiment 7
1-2 Einstein’s Postulates 11
1-3 The Lorentz Transformation 17
Calibrating the Spacetime Axes 28
1-4 Time Dilation and Length Contraction 29
1-5 The Doppler Effect 40
Transverse Doppler Effect 44
1-6 The Twin Paradox and Other Surprises 45
CCR
T he Case of the Identically Accelerated Twins 48
Superluminal Speeds 51
CHAPtER 2 Relativity II 65
2-1 Relativistic Momentum 66
2-2 Relativistic Energy 70
Another Surprise 80
2-3 Mass/Energy Conversion and Binding Energy 81
2-4 Invariant Mass 84
CCR
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iv Contents
2-5 General Relativity 97
Deflection of Light in a Gravitational Field 103
Gravitational Redshift 106
CCR
Perihelion of Mercury’s Orbit 108
CCR
Delay of Light in a Gravitational Field 108
CHAPtER 3 Quantization of Charge, Light, and Energy 119
3-1 Quantization of Electric Charge 119
3-2 Blackbody Radiation 123
3-3 The Photoelectric Effect 131
3-4 X Rays and the Compton Effect 137
CCR
Derivation of Compton’s Equation 143
CHAPtER 4 The Nuclear Atom 153
4-1 Atomic Spectra 154
4-2 Rutherford’s Nuclear Model 156
CCR
R utherford’s Prediction and Geiger and
Marsden’s Results 162
4-3 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 165
Giant Atoms 174
4-4 X-Ray Spectra 175
4-5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment 180
CCR
A Critique of Bohr Theory and the
“Old Quantum Mechanics” 182
CHAPtER 5 The Wavelike Properties of Particles 193
5-1 The de Broglie Hypothesis 193
5-2 Measurements of Particle Wavelengths 195
5-3 Wave Packets 204
5-4 The Probabilistic Interpretation of the
Wave Function 210
5-5 The Uncertainty Principle 213
The Gamma-Ray Microscope 214
5-6 Some Consequences of the Uncertainty
Principle 216
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Contents v
5-7 Wave-Particle Duality 219
CCR
Two-Slit Interference Pattern 220
CHAPtER 6 The Schrödinger Equation 229
6-1 The Schrödinger Equation in One Dimension 230
6-2 The Infinite Square Well 237
6-3 The Finite Square Well 246
CCR
Graphical Solution of the Finite Square Well 249
6-4 Expectation Values and Operators 250
CCR
Transitions Between Energy States 253
6-5 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 253
CCR
Schrödinger’s Trick 256
Parity 257
6-6 Reflection and Transmission of Waves 258
Alpha Decay 265
NH3 Atomic Clock 267
CCR
Tunnel Diode 267
CHAPtER 7 Atomic Physics 277
7-1 The Schrödinger Equation in Three Dimensions 277
7-2 Quantization of Angular Momentum and
Energy in the Hydrogen Atom 280
7-3 The Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 289
7-4 Electron Spin 293
Stern-Gerlach Experiment 296
7-5 Total Angular Momentum and the Spin-Orbit
Effect 298
7-6 The Schrödinger Equation for Two (or More)
Particles 303
7-7 Ground States of Atoms: The Periodic Table 305
7-8 Excited States and Spectra of Alkali Atoms 309
CCR
Multielectron Atoms 311
CCR
The Zeeman Effect 312
Frozen Light 312
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vi Contents
CHAPtER 8 Statistical Physics 325
8-1 Classical Statistics: A Review 326
CCR
Temperature and Entropy 329
CCR
A Derivation of the Equipartition Theorem 334
8-2 Quantum Statistics 338
8-3 The Bose-Einstein Condensation 345
Liquid Helium 346
8-4 The Photon Gas: An Application of Bose-Einstein Statistics 354
8-5 Properties of a Fermion Gas 361
PARt 2 Applications of Quantum Mechanics
and Relativity 373
CHAPtER 9 Molecular Structure and Spectra 375
9-1 The Ionic Bond 376
9-2 The Covalent Bond 381
CCR
Other Covalent Bonds 387
9-3 Other Bonding Mechanisms 387
9-4 Energy Levels and Spectra of Diatomic
Molecules 392
9-5 Scattering, Absorption, and Stimulated Emission 402
9-6 Lasers and Masers 408
CHAPtER 10 Solid State Physics 427
10-1 The Structure of Solids 427
10-2 Classical Theory of Conduction 437
10-3 Free-Electron Gas in Metals 440
10-4 Quantum Theory of Conduction 444
CCR
Thermal Conduction—The Quantum Model 448
10-5 Magnetism in Solids 448
Spintronics 451
10-6 Band Theory of Solids 452
Quantum Wells 459
CCR
E nergy Bands in Solids—An Alternate Approach 460
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Contents vii
10-7 Impurity Semiconductors 460
Hall Effect 463
10-8 Semiconductor Junctions and Devices 467
CCR
How Transistors Work 472
10-9 Superconductivity 472
Flux Quantization 477
Josephson Junction 482
CHAPtER 11 Nuclear Physics 493
11-1 The Composition of the Nucleus 494
11-2 Ground-State Properties of Nuclei 496
CCR
L iquid-Drop Model and the Semiempirical
Mass Formula 505
11-3 Radioactivity 508
CCR
Production and Sequential Decays 511
11-4 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay 511
CCR
Energetics of Alpha Decay 514
11-5 The Nuclear Force 522
Probability Density of the Exchange Mesons 528
11-6 The Shell Model 529
11-7 Nuclear Reactions 533
11-8 Fission and Fusion 542
CCR
Nuclear Power 546
CCR
Interaction of Particles and Matter 552
11-9 Applications 553
CCR
Radiation Dosage 566
CHAPtER 12 Particle Physics 579
12-1 Basic Concepts 580
12-2 Fundamental Interactions and the Force Carriers 588
A Further Comment about Interaction Strengths 595
12-3 Conservation Laws and Symmetries 598
CCR
When Is a Physical Quantity Conserved? 601
CCR
Resonances and Excited States 609
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viii Contents
12-4 The Standard Model 609
Where Does the Proton Get Its Spin? 613
12-5 Beyond the Standard Model 623
Neutrino Oscillations and Mass 627
CCR
String Theory 629
CHAPtER 13 Astrophysics and Cosmology 639
13-1 The Sun 639
Is There Life Elsewhere? 650
13-2 The Stars 651
The Celestial Sphere 656
13-3 The Evolution of Stars 659
13-4 Cataclysmic Events 664
13-5 Final States of Stars 667
13-6 Galaxies 673
13-7 Cosmology and Gravitation 683
13-8 Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe 686
“Natural” Planck Units 694
Appendix A Table of Atomic Masses AP-1
Appendix B Mathematical Aids AP-16
Appendix B1 Probability Integrals AP-16
Appendix B2 Binomial and Exponential Series AP-18
Appendix B3 Diagrams of Crystal Unit Cells AP-19
Appendix C Electron Configurations AP-20
Appendix D Fundamental Physical Constants AP-25
Appendix E Conversion Factors AP-29
Appendix F Nobel Laureates in Physics AP-31
Answers AN-1
Index I-1
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