Modern Microwave Circuits (Artech House Microwave Library)

620 Pages·2005·9.27 MB·English

by  Noyan Kinayman

Modern Microwave Circuits
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Modern Microwave Circuits
Noyan Kinayman
M. I. Aksun
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Kinayman, Noyan
Modern microwave circuits.—(Artech House microwave library)
1. Microwave circuits
I. Title II. Aksun, M. I.
621.3’813
ISBN 1-58053-725-1
Cover design by Igor Valdman
Cover image is courtesy of Cascade Microtech, Inc.
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International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-725-1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents
Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Chapter 1 Microwave Network Theory 1
1.1 Review of Electromagnetic Theory 2
1.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations: Time-Dependent Forms 3
1.1.2 Maxwell’s Equations: Time-Harmonic Forms 6
1.1.3 Fields in Material Media: Constitutive Relations 9
1.1.4 The Wave Equation 13
1.1.5 Boundary Conditions 19
1.1.6 Energy Flow and the Poynting Vector 26
1.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 29
1.2.1 General Uniform Plane Waves 30
1.2.2 Plane Waves in Lossy Media 34
1.3 Transmission Lines 37
1.3.1 Field Analysis of General Cylindrical Waveguides 38
1.3.2 Transmission Line Equations Via Field Analysis 43
1.3.3 Transmission Line Equations Via Circuit Analysis 46
1.3.4 Analysis of General Transmission Line Circuits 48
1.3.5 Analysis of Terminated Transmission Line Circuits 55
1.4 Circuit Parameters 58
1.4.1 Scattering Parameters 58
1.4.2 Transfer Parameters 64
1.4.3 Z- and Y-Parameters 65
1.4.4 ABCD-Parameters 67
1.5 Circuit Parameters of Various Simple Networks 69
1.5.1 TEM Transmission Line 69
1.5.2 Pi-Network 71
1.5.3 T-Network 72
1.6 Equivalent Circuit of a Short Transmission Line 73
1.7 Signal Flowgraphs 75
v
vi Modern Microwave Circuits
1.7.1 Nontouching Loop Rule 76
1.7.2 Signal Flowgraphs of Some Microwave Components 77
1.8 Power Gain 79
1.9 The Smith Chart 81
1.10 Impedance Matching 84
1.10.1 Single-Stub Matching 84
1.10.2 Double-Stub Matching 88
1.10.3 Matching with Lumped Elements 89
1.11 Network Analyzers 91
1.12 Calibration of Network Analyzers 94
1.12.1 SOLT Calibration 100
1.12.2 TRL Calibration 103
1.12.3 Multiline TRL 110
1.12.4 Two-Tier and One-Tier Calibration 113
1.13 Lumped Resonator Circuits 114
1.14 Transmission Line Resonators 118
1.15 Tapped Transmission Line Resonators 122
1.16 Synthesis of Matching Networks 124
1.16.1 Positive Real Functions 125
1.16.2 Foster’s Reactance Theorem 127
1.16.3 Darlington’s Method 129
1.16.4 Matching a Resistive Generator to an RLC Load 134
References 136

Chapter 2 Microwave Printed Circuits 141
2.1 History of Microwave Printed Circuits 141
2.2 Microstrip Lines 144
2.2.1 Characteristic Impedance 148
2.2.2 Conductor Losses 156
2.2.3 Dielectric Losses 160
2.2.4 Radiation Losses 160
2.2.5 Higher-Order Modes and Dispersion 161
2.2.6 Surface Waves 164
2.3 Striplines 164
2.3.1 Characteristic Impedance 166
2.3.2 Conductor Losses 167
2.3.3 Dielectric Losses 168
2.3.4 Higher-Order Modes 168
2.4 Coplanar Waveguides 169
2.4.1 Characteristic Impedance 171
2.4.2 Higher-Order Modes 171
2.5 Microstrip Discontinuities 172
2.5.1 Microstrip Open End 173
2.5.2 Microstrip Series Gap 175
Contents vii
2.5.3 Change in Microstrip Width 176
2.5.4 Microstrip Bend 176
2.5.5 Microstrip T-Junction 177
2.6 Substrates for Microwave Printed Circuits 178
2.6.1 Laminates 181
2.6.2 Ceramics 183
2.7 Manufacturing Techniques for Printed Circuits 184
2.7.1 Multilayer Printed Circuits 186
2.8 Measurement of Substrate Materials 188
2.8.1 Dielectric Properties of Materials 191
2.8.2 Transmission/Reflection Method 195
2.8.3 Split-Cylinder Resonator Method 202
References 204

Chapter 3 Full-Wave Analysis of Printed Circuits 211
3.1 Review of Analysis Techniques for Printed Circuits 211
3.2 General Review of Green’s Functions 214
3.2.1 Green’s Function of Scalar Wave Equation 216
3.2.2 Green’s Function of Vector Wave Equation 219
3.3 Point Sources and Their Spectral Representations 224
3.3.1 Impulse Function Representations of Point Sources 225
3.3.2 Scalar Green’s Function for a Line Source 227
3.3.3 Scalar Green’s Function for a Point Source 237
3.4 Analysis of Planar Multilayer Media 244
3.4.1 Fresnel’s Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 253
3.4.2 Generalized Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 260
3.4.3 Green’s Functions in Planar Multilayer Media 265
3.5 Application of MoM to Printed Circuits 278
3.5.1 Integral Equations 278
3.5.2 Method of Moments 282
References 287

Chapter 4 Microstrip Patch Antennas 291
4.1 Design of Microstrip Patch Antennas 292
4.1.1 Quality Factor 293
4.1.2 Resonance Frequency 296
4.1.3 Radiation Resistance 298
4.1.4 Bandwidth 299
4.1.5 Radiation Pattern 300
4.1.6 Surface Waves 304
4.2 Analysis Techniques for Patch Antennas 304
4.2.1 Transmission Line Model 305
4.2.2 Cavity Model 306
4.2.3 Full-Wave Analysis Methods 310
viii Modern Microwave Circuits
4.3 Proximity-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antennas 321
4.4 Aperture-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antennas 324
4.5 Stacked Microstrip Patch Antennas 328
4.6 Microstrip Patch Antennas with Parasitic Elements 332
4.7 Inset-Fed Microstrip Patch Antennas 336
4.8 Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antennas 340
4.9 Coupling Between Microstrip Patch Antennas 346
References 351

Chapter 5 Microstrip Coupled Lines 357
5.1 Analysis of Coupled TEM Lines 358
5.1.1 Analysis of Symmetrical Coupled TEM Lines 359
5.1.2 Analysis of Asymmetrical Coupled TEM Lines 364
5.2 The MTL Formulation 369
5.2.1 Lossless Lines in Homogenous Medium 375
5.2.2 Lossless Lines in Inhomogeneous Medium 376
5.3 Z-Parameters of Coupled-Line Sections 378
5.4 Coupled Microstrip Lines 381
5.4.1 Microstrip Directional Couplers 386
5.5 Coupled Striplines 392
5.5.1 Edge-Coupled Striplines 392
5.5.2 Broadside-Coupled Striplines 394
5.6 Wide-Bandwidth Directional Couplers 396
5.7 Hybrid Couplers 400
References 411

Chapter 6 Microstrip Filters 415
6.1 Basic Filter Theory 416
6.1.1 Filter Transformations 429
6.1.2 Norton’s Transformations 442
6.1.3 Darlington’s Method 446
6.1.4 Impedance Inverters 449
6.2 Richard’s Transformation 453
6.3 Stepped-Impedance Microstrip Filters 460
6.4 Coupled-Line Microstrip Filters 464
6.5 Bandstop Filters 475
6.6 Filter Design by Coupling 481
6.7 Interdigital Filters 494
6.8 Hairpin Filters 497
6.9 Cross-Coupled Filters 502
6.10 Cascade Quadruplets and Triplets 514
6.11 Filter Synthesis by Optimization 521
6.12 DC-Block Circuits 524
References 527