Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development

464 Pages·2010·19.618 MB·English

by  Dr. S. K. Gupta(auth.)

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MODERN HYDROLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE WATER DEVELOPMENT
Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development S. K. Gupta
© 2011 S. K. Gupta. ISBN: 978-1-405-17124-3
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Author Biography
After graduating in geophysics from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Kharagpur, Dr. S.K. Gupta did his PhD from IIT, Bombay in 1974. He is a
recipientoftheVikaramSarabhaiNationalAwardinHydrologyandAtmospheric
Sciences. Dr. Gupta nucleated the Isotope Hydrology group at the Physical
ResearchLaboratory,Ahmedabadandcarriedoutresearchformorethanpast3
decades.Presently,heisthePrincipalCoordinatoroftheNationalProgramme
for Isotopic Fingerprinting of Waters of India. Dr. Gupta has more than 150
publicationsininternationallyrefereedresearchjournalsandseveralbooksto
hiscredit.Dr.GuptahasalsobeenaFulbrightFellowattheUniversityofHawaii
atManoaandanAlexandervonHumboldtFellowattheUniversityofHeidelberg
andaVisitingFellowattheUniversityofCanberra.HeisalsoaFellowoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,
India.
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Modern Hydrology
and Sustainable
Water Development
S.K. Gupta
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2011,(cid:1)C 2011byS.K.Gupta
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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Gupta,SushilK.(SushilKumar),1946-
Modernhydrologyandsustainablewaterdevelopment/S.K.Gupta.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4051-7124-3(cloth)
1. Hydrology.2. Waterresourcesdevelopment.I. Title.
GB661.2.G8662010
551.48–dc22
ISBN:978–1–4051–7124–3
2010008112
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformats:eBook9781444323979;WileyOnlineLibrary9781444323962
(cid:1)
Setin9.5/12ptGaramondbyAptaraR Inc.,NewDelhi,India
1 2011
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DEDICATION
to
Prof. D. Lal, FRS
His life and work continue to inspire
my academic endeavours.
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Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Anoteforstudentsandteachers xix
1 Fundamentalsofhydrology 1
1.1 Propertiesofwater 1
1.2 Commonwaterqualityparameters 4
1.3 Hydrologiccycleandglobalwaterdistribution 10
1.4 Unitsanddimensions 17
1.5 Significantfiguresanddigits 19
2 Surfacewaterhydrology 20
2.1 Lakes 20
2.2 Glaciers 23
2.3 Streams 25
2.4 Watershedconcept 25
2.5 Instrumentationandmonitoring 26
2.6 Runoffprocessesandflowmeasurement 38
2.7 Rainfall-runoffanalysisandmodelling 43
2.8 Streamprocesses 49
2.9 Streamcharacteristics 54
2.10 Riverandreservoirrouting 56
2.11 Scalesandscaling 59
2.12 Theinvisibleresource:groundwater 60
2.13 Tutorial 63
3 Groundwaterhydrology 70
3.1 Occurrenceofgroundwater 70
3.2 Movementofgroundwater 74
3.3 Hydraulichead 74
3.4 Dispersion 85
3.5 Specializedflowconditions 86
3.6 Groundwatermeasurements 87
3.7 Groundwaterpollution 89
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viii CONTENTS
3.8 Compositenatureofsurfacewaterandgroundwater 90
3.9 Conjunctiveuseofsurfacewaterandgroundwater 91
3.10 Tutorial 93
4 Wellhydraulicsandtestpumping 95
4.1 Steadyflow 96
4.2 Superpositioninspaceandtime 104
4.3 Boundariesandimagesinflowmodelling 106
4.4 Wellflowunderspecialconditions 108
4.5 Welllosses 109
4.6 Tutorial 111
5 Surfaceandgroundwaterflowmodelling 114
5.1 Surfacewaterflowmodelling 115
5.2 Groundwaterflowmodelling 118
5.3 Surfaceandgroundwaterinteractionsandcoupled/integrated
modelling 133
6 Aqueouschemistryandhumanimpactsonwaterquality 135
6.1 Principlesandprocessescontrollingcompositionofnaturalwaters 136
6.2 Naturalhydrochemicalconditionsinthesubsurface 154
6.3 Presentinginorganicchemicaldata 155
6.4 Impactofhumanactivities 158
6.5 Geochemicalmodelling 167
6.6 Chemicaltracers 169
6.7 Groundwater–numericalmodellingofsolutetransport 171
6.8 Relationbetweenuseandqualityofwater 174
6.9 Industrialuse 178
6.10 Tutorial 179
7 Hydrologictracing 181
7.1 Isotopesandradioactivity 182
7.2 Hydrologictracers 183
7.3 Tracersandgroundwatermovement 188
7.4 Stableisotopesofoxygenandhydrogen 194
7.5 Dissolvednoblegases 199
7.6 Modelsforinterpretationofgroundwaterage 207
7.7 Tracersforestimationofgroundwaterrecharge 211
7.8 Tutorial 214
8 Statisticalanalysesinhydrology 217
8.1 Descriptivestatistics 218
8.2 Probabilitytheory 222
8.3 Hydrologicfrequencyanalysis 241
8.4 Nonparametricdensityestimationmethods 245
8.5 Erroranalysis 246
8.6 Timeseriesanalysis 251
8.7 Tutorial 265
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CONTENTS ix
9 RemotesensingandGISinhydrology 268
9.1 Principleofremotesensing 269
9.2 Approachestodata/imageinterpretation 279
9.3 Radarandmicrowaveremotesensing 281
9.4 GeographicInformationSystems(GIS) 284
9.5 Applicationsinhydrology 288
10 Urbanhydrology 297
10.1 Waterbalanceinurbanareas 299
10.2 Disposalofwaterbornewastes 302
10.3 Newapproachesandtechnologiesforsustainableurbanization 317
11 Rainwaterharvestingandartificialgroundwaterrecharge 322
11.1 Historicalperspective 322
11.2 Rainwaterharvesting–somegeneralremarks 323
11.3 Watershedmanagementandwaterharvesting 335
11.4 Tutorial 337
12 Waterresourcedevelopment:thehumandimensions 338
12.1 Theglobalwatercrisis 338
12.2 Globalinitiatives 340
12.3 Waterandethics 340
12.4 Globalwatertele-connectionsandvirtualwater 346
13 Somecasestudies 349
13.1 TheYellowRiverBasin,China 349
13.2 TheColoradoRiverBasin,UnitedStates 362
13.3 TheMurray-DarlingRiverBasin,Australia 373
13.4 TheNorthGujarat–Cambayregion,WesternIndia 380
14 Epilogue 389
14.1 Wateranditsproperties,qualityconsiderations,movement,andmodellingof
surface-andgroundwater 389
14.2 Distributionofwaterinspaceandtime 396
14.3 Waterresourcesustainability 399
Bibliography 403
Index 433
Platesectionfacespage172
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Foreword
Overthepast50yearsthepopulationoftheworld actionoftreestodownpours,dryingupofbiomass
hasincreasedfrom3billionto6.5billionanditis during droughts, and quicker growing and subse-
likely to rise by another 2 billion by 2025 and by quent wilting of crops. In other words, the en-
another 3 billion by 2050. Following the current tire ecosystem will undergo a significant change
trends it is certain that the increasing population at local, regional, and global scales. One can only
will mean a greater need for food. More people conjectureonthelong-termconsequencesofsuch
willdwellincitiesandwillstriveforahigherstan- changes.
dardofliving.Thiswillimplyrapidurbanization,ac- Theimpactofclimatechangeonwaterresources
celeratingland-usechange,depletinggroundwater management would entail serious ramifications.
resources,increasingpollutionofsurfacestreams, Larger floods would overwhelm existing control
rivers, and groundwater, and decaying infrastruc- structures; reservoirs would not receive enough
ture.Toproducemorefood,therewillbegreater water to store for the use of people and agricul-
pressure on agriculture, which will call for more ture during droughts; global warming would melt
irrigation.Therewillbeincreasingdemandsforen- glaciers and cause snow to fall as rain; regimes of
ergy,whichwillalsorequiremorewater.Thus,the snow and ice, which are natural regulators that
demandforwaterinbothruralandurbanareaswill store water in winter and release it in summer,
riseandoutpacethegrowthinpopulation. wouldundergochange;andtherewouldbemore
To make matters worse, there is the spectre of swingsbetweenfloodsanddroughts.Itislikelythat
climatechange.Duringthelastonehundredyears, dams,afteralullofthreedecades,wouldwitnessa
thetemperaturehasarisenbynearly0.6◦C,andit comeback.
isexpectedtorisebyanother2◦C duringthenext Current patterns of use and abuse of water
100years.Thiswouldtranslateintointensification resources are resulting in the amount withdrawn
ofthehydrologiccycle,risingsealevels,morevari- being dangerously close to the limit and even
able patterns of rainfall (more intense, more ex- beyond; an alarming number of rivers no longer
treme), more changes in runoff (more frequently reach the sea. The Indus, the Rio Grande, the
occurring floods and droughts), shorter snowfall Colorado, the Murray-Darling, and the Yellow
seasons, earlier start of spring snowmelt seasons, River–arethearteriesofsomeoftheworld’smain
melting of glaciers, increasing evaporation, dete- grain-growing areas. Freshwater fish populations
rioration in water quality, changes to ecosystems, are in precipitous decline; fish stocks have fallen
migration of species, changes in plant growth, re- by 30% (WWF for Nature), larger than the fall
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xii FOREWORD
in populations of animals in any ecosystem. Fifty taining a wealth of information. Surface water in
percent of the world’s wetlands were drained, lakes, glaciers, streams, and rivers encompassing
damaged, or destroyed in the 20th century; in watershedconcepts,streamflowcomponents,hy-
additiontothefallinthevolumeoffreshwaterin drographseparation,landformandfluvialgeomor-
rivers,invasionofsaltwaterintodeltas,andchange phology,andtheverywiderangeoftimeandspace
inthebalancebetweenfreshwaterandsaltwater. scales that hydrologic theories must span, is dealt
When compared to the global water resources with in Chapter 2. Subsurface flow is dealt with
situation, local water shortages are multiplying in the next two chapters, primarily encompass-
even faster. Australia has suffered a decade-long ing groundwater hydrology and well hydraulics.
drought. Brazil and South America, who depend Thenextchapterdealswithmethodsofcomputer-
on hydroelectric power, have suffered repeated aided modelling of surface and groundwater flow
brownouts – not enough water to drive turbines. systems.Keepinginmindtheimpactofhumanac-
Excess pumping of water from feeding rivers led tivities on the hydro-environment, aqueous chem-
tothenear-collapseoftheAralSeainCentralAsia istryisthesubjectmatterofChapter6.Tracerhy-
in 1980; and global water crisis impinges on the drology, developed during the last few decades
suppliesoffood,energy,andothergoods. and playing an important role in modern hydrol-
ThewaterresourcessituationintheUnitedStates ogy, constitutes the subject matter of Chapter 7.
isfacingthesametrend,withdecayinginfrastruc- Chapter 8 deals with statistical analyses and tech-
ture built 50 to 100 years ago, such that 17% of niquesrequiredformakinghydrologicpredictions
treated water is lost due to leaky pipes. In Texas and design. Fundamentals of remote sensing and
thereisanongoingdrought,whereranchershave GIS, another powerful field developed during the
already lost nearly 1 billion dollars; worst hit are last few decades, are described in Chapter 9. Ur-
Central Texas and the Hill Country. December ban hydrologic processes are the theme of Chap-
2008–February2009hasbeenthedriestonrecord; ter10.Chapter11coversrainwaterharvestingand
60% of the state’s beef cows are in counties with groundwater recharge and is important given re-
severe to exceptional drought; in 2006, drought- curring water shortages around the world, espe-
related crop and livestock losses were the worst ciallyindevelopingcountries.Thistopichasbeen
for any single year, totalling $4.1 billion. The ef- receivingalotofemphasistoday.Acknowledging
fectsofthisdroughtarelong-term. therightfulplaceofthehumandimensioninwater
Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water resource development and management, Chapter
Development, by Dr S.K. Gupta, is timely and 12goesontodiscusswaterethics.Afewcasestud-
addresses a number of key questions gravitating ies of field situations, linking many of the aspects
around the interactions between water, en- discussed in the preceding chapters, are included
ergy, environment, ecology, and socio-economic in Chapter 13. A wrap-up of various chapters,
paradigms. The subject matter of the book will concluding in a holistic manner, is presented in
help promote the practice of hydrology focused Chapter14.
on sustainable development, with due consid- The book is well written and well organized. It
eration to linkages between regional economic reflectsthevastexperienceofitsauthor.Itwillhelp
development, population growth, and terrestrial improveourunderstandingofthesensitivityofkey
and lithological hydrologic systems. It states water quantity and quality management targets to
the challenges and opportunities for science, sustainable development. The book is timely and
technology, and policy related to sustainable makes a strong case for sustainable development
managementofwaterresourcesdevelopmentand and management in relation to the science and
inturnsustainablesocietaldevelopment. practiceofhydrology.Itwillbeusefultostudents
Introducing the basic concepts and principles and faculty in engineering, and agricultural, envi-
of hydrologic science in Chapter 1, the subject ronmental, Earth, and watershed sciences. Water
matter of the book is organized into 14 chapters, resourcesplanners,managers,anddecision-makers
each corresponding to a specific theme and con- will also find the book of value. Dr Gupta is to