Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems

927 Pages·2009·29.485 MB·English

by  B. P. Lathi, Zhi Ding

INTERNATIONAL FOURTH EDITION
ModDeiargnnid ta l
AnCaolmomgu nication
Systems
B.PL.a th.Zi h iD ing
MODERN DIGITAL
AND ANALOG
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
International Fourth Edition
B. P. Lathi
ProfeEsmseorri tus
CalifoSrtnaiUtean iversity-Sacramento
Zhi Ding
Professor
UniveorfCs ailtyi fornia-Davis
NewYo rk Oxford
OXFORDUN IVERSITY PRESS
2010
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Copyright© 1983 by CBS College Publishing; © 1989 by B. P. Lathi & Saunders College
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LibraorfCy o ngreCsast aloging-in-DPautbal ication
Lathi, B. P. (Bhagwandas Pannalal)
Modern digital and analog communication systems/ B. P. Lathi, Zhi Ding.-4th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-19-538493-2 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. Telecommunication systems. 2. Digital communications.
3. Statistical communication theory. I. Ding, Zhi, 1962- II. Title.
TK5101.L333 2008
621.382-dc22 2008029440
Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xvii
1 Introduction
2 Signals and Signal Space 20
3 Analysis and Transmission of Signals 62
4 Amplitude Modulations and Demodulations 140
5 Angle Modulation and Demodulation 202
Sampling and Analog-to-Digital Conversion 251
6
7 Principles of Digital Data Transmission 326
8 Fundamentals of Probability Theory 393
9 Random Processes and Spectral Analysis 456
10 Performance Analysis of Digital
Communication Systems 506
11 Spread Spectrum Communications 614
12 Digital Communications Under Linearly
Distortive Channels 666
13 Introduction to Information Theory 734
14 Error Correcting Codes 802
A Orthogonality of Some Signal Sets 873
B Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality 875
C Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization of a
Vector Set 877
D Basic Matrix Properties and Operations 880
E Miscellaneous 885
Index 889
V

CONTENTS
PREFACE xvii
INTRODUCTION
1 .1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1
1.2 ANALOG AND DIGITAL MESSAGES 4
1.2.1 Noise Immunity of Digital Signals 4
1 .2.2 Viability of Distortionless Regenerative Repeaters 5
1.2.3 Analog-to-Digital (A/DJ Conversion 6
1.2.4 Pulse-Coded Modulation-A Digital Representation 7
1.3 CHANNEL EFFECT, SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, AND CAPACITY 9
1 .3 .1 Signal Bandwidth and Power 9
1 .3 .2 Channel Capacity and Data Rate 10
1 .4 MODULATION AND DETECTION 1 1
1.4.1 Ease of Radiation/Transmission 11
1. 4.2 Simultaneous Transmission of Multiple
Signals-Multiplexing 12
1 .4.3 Demodulation 13
1.5 DIGITAL SOURCE CODING AND ERROR
CORRECTION CODING 13
1 .6 A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF MODERN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 15
vii
VIII CONTENTS
SIGNALS AND SIGNAL SPACE
20
2
2.1 SIZE OF A SIGNAL 20
2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS 22
2.2.1 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals 23
2.2.2 Analog and Digital Signals 23
2.2.3 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals 24
2.2.4 Energy and Power Signals 25
2.2.5 Deterministic and Random Signals 25
2.3 UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL 26
2.4 SIGNALS VERSUS VECTORS 28
2.4.1 Component of a Vector along Another Vector 28
2.4.2 Decomposition of a Signal and Signal Components 30
2.4.3 Complex Signal Space and Orthogonality 32
2.4.4 Energy of the Sum of Orthogonal Signals 34
2.5 CORRELATION OF SIGNALS 34
2.5.1 Correlation Functions 35
2.5.2 Autocorrelation Function 36
2.6 ORTHOGONAL SIGNAL SET 36
2.6.1 Orthogonal Vector Space 36
2.6.2 Orthogonal Signal Space 38
2.6.3 Parseval's Theorem 39
2.7 THE EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES 39
2.8 MATLAB EXERCISES 46
ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION
3
OF SIGNALS
62
3.1 APERIODIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION BY FOURIER INTEGRAL 62
3.2 TRANSFORMS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS 69
3.3 SOME PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 75
3.3.1 Time-Frequency Duality 76
3.3.2 Duality Property 77
3.3.3 Time-Scaling Property 79
3 .3.4 Time-Shifting Property 81
3.3.5 Frequency-Shifting Property 83
3.3.6 Convolution Theorem 87
3. 3. 7 Time Differentiation and Time Integration 88
3.4 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH A LINEAR SYSTEM 90
3.4.1 Signal Distortion during Transmission 92
3.4.2 Distortionless Transmission 92
3.5 IDEAL VERSUS PRACTICAL FILTERS 95
Contents 1x
3 .6 SIGNAL DISTORTION OVER A COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL 97
3.6.1 Linear Distortion 97
3.6.2 Distortion Caused by Channel Nonlinearities 99
3 .6.3 Distortion Caused by Multipath Effects 101
3 .6.4 Fading Channels 103
3.7 SIGNAL ENERGY AND ENERGY SPECTRAL DENSITY 103
3.7.1 Parseval's Theorem 103
3 .7.2 Energy Spectral Density (ESD) 104
3.7.3 Essential Bandwidth of a Signal 105
3.7.4 Energy of Modulated Signals 108
3.7.5 Time Autocorrelation Function and the Energy
Spectral Density 1 09
3.8 SIGNAL POWER AND POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 111
3.8.1 Power Spectral Density (PSD) 111
3.8.2 Time Autocorrelation Function of Power Signals 113
3.8.3 Input and Output Power Spectral Densities 117
3.8.4 PSD of Modulated Signals 118
3.9 NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM:
THE DFT 118
3.10 MATLAB EXERCISES 123
4
AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS
140
AND DEMODULATIONS
4.1 BASEBAND VERSUS CARRIER COMMUNICATIONS 140
4.2 DOUBLE-SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION 142
4.3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) 151
4.4 BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS 158
4.5 AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS: VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND (VSB) 167
4.6 LOCAL CARRIER SYNCHRONIZATION 170
4.7 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM) 172
4.8 PHASE-LOCKED LOOP AND SOME APPLICATIONS 173
4.9 MATLAB EXERCISES 181
5 ANGLE MODULATION
202
AND DEMODULATION
5.1 NONLINEAR MODULATION 202
5.2 BANDWIDTH OF ANGLE-MODULATED WAVES 209
CONTENTS
X
5.3 GENERATING FM WAVES 222
5.4 DEMODULATION OF FM SIGNALS 231
5.5 EFFECTS OF NONLINEAR DISTORTION AND
INTERFERENCE 234
5.6 SUPERHETERODYNE ANALOG AM/FM RECEIVERS 239
5.7 FM BROADCASTING SYSTEM 241
5.8 MATLAB EXERCISES 242
SAMPLING AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL
6
CONVERSION
251
6.1 SAMPLING THEOREM 251
6.1 .1 Signal Reconstruction from Uniform Samples 253
6.1 .2 Practical Issues in Signal Sampling and
Reconstruction 258
6.1 .3 Maximum Information Rate: Two Pieces of
Information per Second per Hertz 262
6.1.4 Nonideal Practical Sampling Analysis 263
6.1 .5 Some Applications of the Sampling Theorem 267
6.2 PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) 268
6.2.1 Advantages of Digital Communication 270
6.2.2 Quantizing 271
6.2.3 Principle of Progressive Taxation: Nonuniform
Quantization 27 4
6.2.4 Transmission Bandwidth and the Output SNR 278
6.3 DIGITAL TELEPHONY: PCM IN Tl CARRIER SYSTEMS 281
6.4 DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING 285
6.4.1 Signal Format 285
6.4.2 Asynchronous Channels and Bit Stuffing 287
6.4.3 Plesiochronous (almost Synchronous) Digital
Hierarchy 288
6.5 DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION (DPCM) 290
6.6 ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIAL PCM (ADPCM) 294
6.7 DELTA MODULATION 295
6.8 VOCODER$ AND VIDEO COMPRESSION 300
6.8.1 Linear Prediction Coding Vocoders 301
6.9 MATLAB EXERCISES 310
Contents xi
PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL DATA
7
TRANSMISSION
326
7.1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 326
7.1. l Source 326
7.1.2 Line Coder 327
7.1.3 Multiplexer 328
7.1.4 Regenerative Repeater 328
7.2 LINE CODING 329
7.2. l PSD of Various Line Codes 330
7.2.2 Polar Signaling 334
7.2.3 Constructing a DC Null in PSD by Pulse
Shaping 336
7.2.4 On-Off Signaling 337
7.2.5 Bipolar Signaling 339
7.3 PULSE SHAPING 343
7.3. l lntersymbol Interferences (ISi) and Effect 343
7.3.2 Nyquist's First Criterion for Zero ISi 344
7.3.3 Controlled ISi or Partial Response Signaling 350
7.3.4 Example of a Duobinary Pulse 351
7.3.5 Pulse Relationship between Zero-ISi, Duobinary, and
Modified Duobinary 352
7.3.6 Detection of Duobinary Signaling and Differential
Encoding 353
7.3.7 Pulse Generation 355
7.4 SCRAMBLING 355
7.5 DIGITAL RECEIVERS AND REGENERATIVE REPEATERS 358
7.5. l Equalizers 359
7.5.2 Timing Extraction 363
7.5.3 Detection Error 365
7.6 EYE DIAGRAMS: AN IMPORTANT TOOL 366
7.7 PAM: MARY BASEBAND SIGNALING FOR HIGHER
DATA RATE 369
7.8 DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEMS 372
7.8. l Basic Binary Carrier Modulations 372
7.8.2 PSD of Digital Carrier Modulation 374
7.8.3 Connections between Analog and Digital Carrier
Modulations 376
7.8.4 Demodulation 377
7.9 MARY DIGITAL CARRIER MODULATION 380
7.10 MATLAB EXERCISES 386