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Modern Analytical Geochemistry: An Introduction to Quantitative Chemical Analysis Techniques for Earth, Environmental and Materials Scientists PDF

342 Pages·1997·23.14 MB·English
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Modern Analytical Geochemistry Other tides in the series An Introduction to Organic Geochemistry SD Killops and V] Killops Chemical Thermodynamics for Earth Scientists Philip Fletcher Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation Hugh R. Rollinson Modern Analytical Geochemistry An Introduction to Quantitative Chemical Analysis Techniques for Earth, Environmental and Materials Scientists Edited by Robin Gill First published 1997 by Pearson Education Limited Published in 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1997, Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or re trieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, profession al practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowl edge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a pro fessional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-582-0-9944-9 (pbk) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog entry for this title is available from the Library of Congress Set by 16 in 10/12pt Ehrhardt Contents Preface vii Contributors ix Acknowledgements xii Chapter 1 What a geochemical analysis means 1 Robin Gill and Michael H. Ramsey Chapter 2 Sampling and sample preparation 12 Michael H. Ramsey Chapter 3 Dissolution procedures for geological and environmental samples 29 J. N. Walsh, Robin Gill and Matthew F. Thirlwall Chapter 4 Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) 41 J. N. Walsh Chapter 5 Atomic absorption spectrometry and other solution methods 67 A. P. Rowland Chapter 6 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 87 Godfrey Fitton Chapter 7 Neutron activation analysis 116 Susan J. Parry Chapter 8 Thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) 135 M. F. Thirlwall Chapter 9 Gas source mass spectrometry: isotopic composition of lighter elements 154 David P. Mattey Chapter 10 Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry 171 Kym E. Jarvis vi Contents Chapter 11 Elemental analysis by spark source mass spectrometry 188 Klaus P. Jochum Chapter 12 Accelerator mass spectrometry 200 Louis Brown Chapter 13 Which method should I use? 206 Robin Gill Chapter 14 Electron beam methods 215 Robin Gill Chapter 15 Principles of SIMS and modern ion microprobes 235 N. Shimizu Chapter 16 Analytical techniques in organic chemistry 243 C. Anthony Lewis Appendix A: Vacuum technology 273 G. A. Ingram Appendix B: Glossary 281 Appendix C: Symbols and constants used in this book 299 Appendix 0: SI units 302 Bibliography 304 Index 317 Preface Recent years have seen increasing rigour being applied in many industrialised countries to the regulation ofi ndustrial emissions and to the quality of water, air, food and soil. This wel come official concern with the quality of the human habitat will, through the regular moni toring of environmental media that it implies, have important consequences for the training of professional environmental scientists. Monitoring agencies will require more analysts familiar with the special obstacles that compositionally diverse environmental materials can put in the path of reliable analysis. Professionals who interpret such analyses, too, though they may not be trained in the the technicalities of geochemical analysis, will need to recognise the limitations of the analytical methods employed and understand the quality control mechanisms upon which the industry depends, if they are to draw objective and reliable conclusions from their data. Surprisingly, few books currently available provide a comprehensive introduction to this complex and continually evolving area. One of the purposes of writing this book, therefore, has been to fill this niche and provide, both for the student of quantitative environmental analysis and for the analysis user, a clear introduc tion to the many techniques currently in use. The book is also aimed at a more traditional academic Earth science market, at undergraduate and postgraduate students, at researchers who need a broad overview, and at teachers and supervisers who want an up-to-date entry level text that will introduce the important principles of quantitative geochemical analysis for the newcomer and non-specialist. At a more advanced level this demand has been admir ably met by Phil Potts' Handbook oJsilicate rock analysis, but, having taught the subject to undergraduate and masters students for some years, we are convinced of the need for an introductory text more in keeping with the student budget and a little easier to carry around! The book thus aims to provide the student, the professional user of geochemical analyses and, we hope, a wider readership with an understanding of the whole spectrum of analytical methods that can be applied to Earth and environmental materials, together with a critical appreciation of their relative merits and limitations. It has been structured to cater for read ers with widely varying backgrounds. Firstly there is an extensive glossary (Appendix B), and terms defined there are highlighted in bold characters where they first appear in the text. Secondly we have used text/graphic boxes in all chapters in a variety of ways: they pro vide a useful place to put basic information that might be referred to from more than one chapter, they can be used to provide elementary material that will not be required by all readers, and they are also useful for more specialised information that will be of interest only to a section of readers, or at a second reading. The authorship of each box is indicated by the initials at the end. Finally, for readers not familiar with 'diff pumps' and the like, there is an appendix (A) summarising the elements of vacuum technique. Special thanks are due to Godfrey Fitton, Anthony Lewis and Philip Rowland, who stepped in at a late stage to write chapters that others had failed to deliver. I am also grate ful to the following who have been kind enough to provide expert reviews of individual chapters or who have contributed in other ways: Geoff Abbott, John Bailey, Joel Baker, viii Preface Jon Davidson, Tony Fallick, Richard Hinton, Gerry Ingram, Ian Jarvis, Andrew Kinsey, Lotte Melchior Larsen, Susan Parry, Stephen Reed, Nick Rogers, Paul Shand and John Williams. I am indebted to Martin Flower and Don Fraser for suggesting one or two con tributors. Above all I thank my family (especially Mary my wife) for their limitless forbearance! Robin Gill Royal Holloway, University o/London Contributors Louis Brown Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Carnegie Institution Washington DC 20015 USA Godfrey Fitton Grant Institute of Geology University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3JW United Kingdom Robin C. o. Gill Department of Geology Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 OEX United Kingdom Gerry Ingram Department of Geology Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 OEX United Kingdom K ym E. Jarvis Natural Environment Research Council ICP-MS Facility Centre for Analytical Research in the Environment Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Silwood Park Ascot Berkshire SL5 7TE United Kingdom Klaus P. Jochum Max Planck-Institut fur Chemie, Abteilung Geochemie Saarstrasse 23 Postfach 3060 D-65oo Mainz Germany

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A comprehensive handbook of analytical techniques in geochemistry which provides the student and the professional with an understanding of the wide spectrum of different analytical methods that can be applied to Earth and environmental materials, together with a critical appreciation of their relati
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