Modern Analog Filter Analysis and Design

364 Pages·2011·2.54 MB·English

RabinRautandM.N.S.Swamy
ModernAnalogFilterAnalysisandDesign
Related Titles
Shenoi,B.A.
IntroductiontoDigitalSignal Processing
andFilterDesign
2005
ISBN:978-0-471-46482-2
Madsen,C.K.,Zhao,J.H.
Optical FilterDesignandAnalysis
ASignalProcessingApproach
1999
ISBN:978-0-471-18373-0
Rabin Raut and M. N. S. Swamy
Modern Analog Filter Analysis and Design
A Practical Approach
TheAuthors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare
carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors,
Dr.RabinRaut editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe
ConcordiaUniversity informationcontainedinthesebooks,
ElectricalandComputerEngineering includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors.
Montreal,Canada Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
[e-mail] statements,data,illustrations,procedural
detailsorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybe
inaccurate.
Dr.M.N.S.Swamy
ConcordiaUniversity
ElectricalandComputerEngineering LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor
Montreal,Canada
[e-mail] BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication
Data
Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable
Cover fromtheBritishLibrary.
Spieszdesign,Neu-Ulm,Germany
Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe
DeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
liststhispublicationintheDeutsche
Nationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographic
dataareavailableontheInternetat
<http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
2010WILEY-VCHVerlag&Co.KGaA,
Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim,Germany
Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof
translationintootherlanguages).Nopart
ofthisbookmaybereproducedinany
form–byphotoprinting,microfilm,orany
othermeans–nortransmittedortranslated
intoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten
permissionfromthepublishers.Registered
names,trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,
evenwhennotspecificallymarkedassuch,
arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw.
CoverDesign AdamDesign,Weinheim
Typesetting LaserwordsPrivateLtd.,
Chennai,India
PrintingandBinding FabulousPrintersPte
Ltd,Singapore
PrintedinSingapore
Printedonacid-freepaper
ISBN:978-3-527-40766-8
V
Astudentacquiresaquarterofknowledgefromtheteacher,aquarterfromselfstudy,
aquarterfromclassmates,andthefinalquarterincourseoftime.
FromNeetiSara
To
Ourparents,teachers,andourwivesSucheta&Leela
and
LateProf.B.B.Bhattacharyya
(Ph.D.supervisorofR.Rautand
FirstPh.D.studentofM.N.SSwamy)
ModernAnalogFilterAnalysisandDesign:APracticalApproach.RabinRautandM.N.S.Swamy
Copyright2010WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40766-8
VII
Contents
Preface XV
Abbreviations XIX
1 Introduction 1
2 AReviewofNetworkAnalysisTechniques 7
2.1 TransformedImpedances 7
2.2 NodalAnalysis 9
2.3 Loop(Mesh)Analysis 9
2.4 NetworkFunctions 11
2.5 One-PortandTwo-PortNetworks 12
2.5.1 One-PortNetworks 12
2.5.2 Two-PortNetworks 13
2.5.2.1 AdmittanceMatrixParameters 13
2.5.2.2 ImpedanceMatrixParameters 14
2.5.2.3 ChainParameters(TransmissionParameters) 14
2.5.2.4 Interrelationships 15
2.5.2.5 Three-TerminalTwo-PortNetwork 16
2.5.2.6 EquivalentNetworks 16
2.5.2.7 SomeCommonlyUsedNonreciprocalTwo-Ports 16
2.6 IndefiniteAdmittanceMatrix 18
2.6.1 NetworkFunctionsofaMultiterminalNetwork 20
2.7 AnalysisofConstrainedNetworks 24
2.8 ActiveBuildingBlocksforImplementingAnalogFilters 28
2.8.1 OperationalAmplifier 28
2.8.2 OperationalTransconductanceAmplifier 30
2.8.3 CurrentConveyor 31
PracticeProblems 33
3 NetworkTheoremsandApproximationofFilterFunctions 41
3.1 ImpedanceScaling 41
3.2 ImpedanceTransformation 42
3.3 DualandInverseNetworks 44
ModernAnalogFilterAnalysisandDesign:APracticalApproach.RabinRautandM.N.S.Swamy
Copyright2010WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40766-8
VIII Contents
3.3.1 DualandInverseOne-PortNetworks 44
3.3.2 DualTwo-PortNetworks 45
3.4 ReversedNetworks 47
3.5 TransposedNetwork 48
3.6 ApplicationstoTerminatedNetworks 50
3.7 FrequencyScaling 52
3.8 TypesofFilters 52
3.9 MagnitudeApproximation 54
3.9.1 MaximallyFlatMagnitude(MFM)Approximation 55
3.9.1.1 MFMFilterTransferFunction 56
3.9.2 Chebyshev(CHEB)MagnitudeApproximation 60
3.9.2.1 CHEBFilterTransferFunction 63
3.9.3 Elliptic(ELLIP)MagnitudeApproximation 65
3.9.4 Inverse-Chebyshev(ICHEB)MagnitudeApproximation 68
3.10 FrequencyTransformations 69
3.10.1 LPtoHPTransformation 69
3.10.2 LPtoBPTransformation 71
3.10.3 LPtoBRTransformation 73
3.11 PhaseApproximation 73
3.11.1 PhaseCharacteristicsofaTransferFunction 74
3.11.2 TheCaseofIdealTransmission 74
3.11.3 ConstantDelay(LinearPhase)Approximation 75
3.11.4 GraphicalMethodtoDeterminetheBTFilterFunction 76
3.12 DelayEqualizers 77
PracticeProblems 78
4 BasicsofPassiveFilterDesign 83
4.1 SinglyTerminatedNetworks 83
4.2 SomePropertiesofReactanceFunctions 85
4.3 SinglyTerminatedLadderFilters 88
4.4 DoublyTerminatedLCLadderRealization 92
PracticeProblems 100
5 Second-OrderActive-RCFilters 103
5.1 SomeBasicBuildingBlocksusinganOA 104
5.2 StandardBiquadraticFiltersorBiquads 104
5.3 RealizationofSingle-AmplifierBiquadraticFilters 109
5.4 PositiveGainSABFilters(SallenandKeyStructures) 111
5.4.1 Low-PassSABFilter 111
5.4.2 RC:CRTransformation 113
5.4.3 High-PassFilter 115
5.4.4 Band-PassFilter 115
5.5 Infinite-GainMultipleFeedbackSABFilters 115
5.6 Infinite-GainMultipleVoltageAmplifierBiquadFilters 117
5.6.1 KHNState-VariableFilter 119
Contents IX
5.6.2 Tow–ThomasBiquad 121
5.6.3 Fleischer–TowUniversalBiquadStructure 123
5.7 Sensitivity 124
5.7.1 BasicDefinitionandRelatedExpressions 124
5.7.2 ComparativeResultsforω andQ Sensitivities 126
p p
5.7.3 ALow-SensitivityMulti-OABiquadwithSmallSpreadinElement
Values 126
5.7.4 SensitivityAnalysisUsingNetworkSimulationTools 129
5.8 EffectofFrequency-DependentGainoftheOAontheFilter
Performance 130
5.8.1 CasesofInverting,Noninverting,andIntegratingAmplifiersUsingan
OAwithFrequency-DependentGain 130
5.8.1.1 InvertingAmplifier 130
5.8.1.2 NoninvertingAmplifier 131
5.8.1.3 InvertingIntegratingAmplifier 132
5.8.2 CaseofTow–ThomasBiquadRealizedwithOAHaving
Frequency-DependentGain 132
5.9 Second-OrderFilterRealizationUsingOperationalTransconductance
Amplifier(OTA) 135
5.9.1 RealizationofaFilterUsingOTAs 138
5.9.2 AnOTA-CBand-PassFilter 138
5.9.3 AGeneralBiquadraticFilterStructure 139
5.10 TechnologicalImplementationConsiderations 140
5.10.1 ResistancesinICTechnology 141
5.10.1.1 DiffusedResistor 141
5.10.1.2 PinchedResistor 142
5.10.1.3 EpitaxialandIon-ImplantedResistors 142
5.10.1.4 ActiveResistors 143
5.10.2 CapacitorsinICTechnology 144
5.10.2.1 JunctionCapacitors 145
5.10.2.2 MOSCapacitors 145
5.10.2.3 PolysiliconCapacitor 146
5.10.3 Inductors 146
5.10.4 ActiveBuildingBlocks 147
5.10.4.1 OperationalAmplifier(OA) 147
5.10.4.2 OperationalTransconductanceAmplifier(OTA) 148
5.10.4.3 TransconductanceAmplifiers(TCAs) 150
5.10.4.4 CurrentConveyor(CC) 151
PracticeProblems 152
6 Switched-CapacitorFilters 161
6.1 SwitchedCandREquivalence 162
6.2 Discrete-TimeandFrequencyDomainCharacterization 163
6.2.1 SCIntegrators:s↔zTransformations 164
X Contents
6.2.2 FrequencyDomainCharacteristicsofSampled-DataTransfer
Function 167
6.3 Bilinears↔zTransformation 169
6.4 Parasitic-InsensitiveStructures 173
6.4.1 Parasitic-Insensitive-SCIntegrators 176
6.4.1.1 LosslessIntegrators 176
6.4.1.2 LossyIntegrators 177
6.5 AnalysisofSCNetworksUsingPI-SCIntegrators 177
6.5.1 LosslessandLossyIntegrators 177
6.5.1.1 InvertingLosslessIntegrator 177
6.5.1.2 NoninvertingLosslessIntegrator 179
6.5.1.3 InvertingandNoninvertingLosslessIntegrationCombined 179
6.5.1.4 LossyPI-SCIntegrator 181
6.5.2 ApplicationoftheAnalysisTechniquetoaPI-SCIntegrator-Based
Second-OrderFilter 181
6.5.3 SignalsSwitchedtotheInputoftheOAduringBothPhasesofthe
ClockSignal 183
6.6 AnalysisofSCNetworksUsingNetworkSimulationTools 184
6.6.1 UseofVCVSandTransmissionLineforSimulatinganSCFilter 184
6.7 DesignofSCBiquadraticFilters 187
6.7.1 Fleischer–LakerBiquad 188
6.7.2 DynamicRangeEqualizationTechnique 191
6.8 ModularApproachtowardImplementationofSecond-Order
Filters 191
6.9 SCFilterRealizationUsingUnity-GainAmplifiers 199
6.9.1 Delay-and-addBlocksUsingUGA 200
6.9.2 DelayNetworkUsingUGA 201
6.9.3 Second-OrderTransferFunctionUsingDA1,DA2andD
Networks 202
6.9.4 UGA-BasedFilterwithReducedNumberofCapacitances 202
PracticeProblems 204
7 Higher-OrderActiveFilters 207
7.1 ComponentSimulationTechnique 207
7.1.1 InductanceSimulationUsingPositiveImpedanceInvertersor
Gyrators 208
7.1.2 InductanceSimulationUsingaGeneralizedImmittance
Converter 210
7.1.2.1 SensitivityConsiderations 213
7.1.3 FDNRorSuper-CapacitorinHigher-OrderFilterRealization 213
7.1.3.1 SensitivityConsiderations 216
7.2 OperationalSimulationTechniqueforHigh-OrderActiveRC
Filters 217
7.2.1 OperationalSimulationofAll-PoleFilters 217
7.2.2 LeapfrogLow-PassFilters 219
Contents XI
7.2.3 SystematicStepsforDesigningLow-PassLeapfrogFilters 220
7.2.4 LeapfrogBand-PassFilters 222
7.2.5 OperationalSimulationofaGeneralLadderStructure 223
7.3 CascadeTechniqueforHigh-OrderActiveFilterImplementation 225
7.3.1 SensitivityConsiderations 227
7.3.2 SequencingoftheBiquads 228
7.3.3 DynamicRangeConsiderations 228
7.4 MultiloopFeedback(andFeed-Forward)System 229
7.4.1 FollowtheLeaderFeedbackStructure 229
7.4.1.1 T =(1/s),aLosslessIntegrator 230
i
7.4.1.2 T =1/(s+∝),aLossyIntegrator 231
i
7.4.2 FLFStructurewithFeed-ForwardPaths 233
7.4.3 ShiftedCompanionFeedbackStructure 234
7.4.4 PrimaryResonatorBlockStructure 237
7.5 High-OrderFiltersUsingOperationalTransconductance
Amplifiers 239
7.5.1 CascadeofOTA-BasedFilters 239
7.5.2 InductanceSimulation 239
7.5.3 OperationalSimulationTechnique 239
7.5.4 LeapfrogStructureforaGeneralLadder 242
7.6 High-OrderFiltersUsingSwitched-Capacitor(SC)Networks 245
7.6.1 Parasitic-InsensitiveToggle-Switched-Capacitor(TSC)Integrator 245
7.6.2 AStray-InsensitiveBilinearSCIntegratorUsingBiphaseClock
Signals 247
7.6.3 AStray-InsensitiveBilinearIntegratorwithSample-and-HoldInput
Signal 247
7.6.4 CascadeofSCFilterSectionsforHigh-OrderFilterRealization 248
7.6.5 LadderFilterRealizationUsingtheSCTechnique 250
PracticeProblems 251
8 Current-ModeFilters 255
8.1 BasicOperationsinCurrent-Mode 255
8.1.1 MultiplicationofaCurrentSignal 255
8.1.1.1 UseofaCurrentMirror 256
8.1.1.2 UseofaCurrentConveyor 257
8.1.1.3 UseofCurrentOperationalAmplifier 258
8.1.2 CurrentAddition(orSubtraction) 259
8.1.3 IntegrationandDifferentiationofaCurrentSignal 259
8.2 CurrentConveyorsinCurrent-ModeSignalProcessing 264
8.2.1 SomeBasicBuildingBlocksUsingCCII 264
8.2.2 RealizationofSecond-OrderCurrent-ModeFilters 264
8.2.2.1 UniversalFilterImplementation 264
8.2.2.2 All-Pass/NotchandBand-PassFiltersUsingaSingleCCII 265
8.2.2.3 UniversalBiquadraticFilterUsingDual-OutputCCII 266
8.3 Current-ModeFiltersDerivedfromVoltage-ModeStructures 267