Models and Measurements of the Cardiac Electric Field

219 Pages·1982·6.755 MB·English

by  Pierre Rijlant (auth.), E. Schubert (eds.)

Models and Measurements
of the
Cardiac Electric Field
Models and Measurements
of the
Cardiac Electric Field
Edited by
E.SCHUBERT
Humboldt University of Berlin
Berlin, German Democratic Republic
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Models and measurements of the cardiac electric field.
"Proceedings of the satellite symposium at the Twenty-eighth Interna
tional Congress of Physiological Sciences on the cardiac field, held July
8-11, 1980, in Dresden, German Democratic Republic"-Verso t.p.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
l.Electrocardlography-Congresses. 2. Heart-Models-Congresses. 3.
Electric fields-Measurement-Congresses. I. Schubert, Ernst, Professor
Dr. med. habil. II. International Congress of Physiological Sciences (28th:
1980: Dresden, Germany)
RC683.5.E5M63 616.1' 207547 82-5334
AACR2
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4246-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4244-1
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4244-1
Proceedings of the Satellite Symposium at the Twenty-eighth International
Congress of Physiological Sciences on the Cardiac Electric Field, its
Measuring and Modeling, held July 8-11, 1980, in Dresden, German Dem-
ocratic Republic
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1982
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
The electric field of the heart was described diagrammatically
for the first time by A. Waller in 1888. However, it was not until
a little more than ten years ago that with the development of micro
electronic techniques, it became accessible to biophysical modeling,
to exact physiological measurements, and to application in advanced
clinical diagnosis. These possibilities opened the way to the
treatment of questions which are called the direct and the inverse
solution of the cardioelectric problem.
Several groups of investigators are now working to achieve a
complete biophysical and physiological description of the generation
of the cardiac electric field. This work could well form the basis
for a new method of diagnostic measurements, with applications even
in clinical cardiology, delivering important information by a non
invasive investigation of the patient.
Several conferences have stimulated international exchange of
the results of research on the cardiac electric field. Among others,
the satellite symposium of the XXV International Congress of Physio
logical Sciences on the electric field of the heart, in Brussels,
August 2-3, 1971, and the Conference on Measuring and Modeling of
the cardiac electric field, in Smolenice near Bratislava, June 14-
17, 1976, may be considered predecessors of the Dresden symposium
the proceedings of which are presented in this volume.
One interesting result of the continuing research is the in
crease in clinical investigations using the "mapping" technique of
the electric field of the heart for the improvement of diagnostics
in myocardial infarction, conduction disturbances, etc., as evi
denced in a remarkable number of contributions. Thus, for the future
we may expect rapid progress in the practical use of the results of
biophysical and physiological investigations on the measurement and
modeling of the cardiac electric field.
E. Schubert
v
CONTENTS
Preface v
INTRODUCTORY REVIEW
Electrocardiography and Magnetocardiography Today 3
P. Rijlant
MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL MODELLING OF THE
CARDIAC ELECTRIC FIELD
Heuristical Algorithm for the Correct Solution of the
Inverse Problem in Terms of the Model of a Closed
Electrical Double Layer 1 1
O. V. Baum
The Inverse Potential Problem Applied to the Human Case 19
P. Colli Franzone, L. Guerri, B. Taccardi and
C. Viganotti
Computer Simulation of Cardiac Excitation 35
I. Ruttkay-Nedecky, V. Szathmary, P. Chlebus
and A. Ruttkay-Nedecka
About the Accuracy of the Method of Calculating Integral
Characteristics of the Cardiac Electrical Generator 43
M. Maco and P. Kneppo
An Attempt to Localize the Pre-Excitation Site in Wolff
Parkinson-White Patients by Means of a Mathematical
Model 49
E. Macchi, L. Guerri, B. Taccardi, V. Bonatti,
A. Rolli and G. Botti
viii CONTENTS
Local-Integral Characteristics of the Cardiac
Electrical Generator Based upon the Multipole
Expansion of the Potential 61
P. Kneppo and L. I. Titomir
A Mathematical Model of the Equivalent Magnetic
Cardiac Generator 71
P. Tekel and P. Kneppo
Factors Influencing the ST-Segment Mapping
Evaluation (A Model Study) 79
z.
Drska
Model Study of the Lead System Influence on the Image
of the Physical Equivalent Generator 83
V. Szathmary
MEASUREMENTS IN THE CARDIAC ELECTRIC FIELD
Problems and Trends in Body Surface Mapping of
Bioelectric Fields 91
B. Taccardi
A System to Standardize and Analyse Surface
Measurements for Model Fitting 97
P. Barone, P. Ciarlini and G. Regoliosi
Tridimensional Distribution' of Heart Potentials After
Endocardial Stimulation 103
S. Baruffi, S. Spaggiari, E. Macchi, G. Arisi,
D. Stilli, E. Musso, R. Th. van Dam
and B. Taccardi
Quantitative Evaluation of Body Surface Maps in
Normal and Pathological Conditions 105
z.
Antaloczy, I. Preda, Gy. Kozmann
and Zs. Cserjes
A Comparison of Orthogonal Lead System Vectors
Using Different Equivalent Dipole Generators 115
P. W. Macfarlane
Physiological Influences upon the Dynamics of Surface
Maps During ST-T: Effects of Varied Heart Rate 121
E. Schubert, M. Engst and K. Mohnike
CONTENTS lX
Problems of Comparative Electrocardiology Created
by the Progress in Computer Mapping of the
Cardioelectric Field 131
M. P. Roshchevsky
The Electrical Resistivity of Lung Tissue Filled
Either with Air or with Fluid 135
Th. Eifrig and H. Schwartze
Estimation of Cardiac Excitation on the Basis of
Stimulus Response Functions and Epicardial
Activation Isochrones 141
Gy. Kozmann and I. Preda
Epicardial ST-Segment Mapping in Acute Myocardial
Ischemia. Examples of Coincidental Experimental
Interventions which may Affect Interpretation 149
W. J. Wajsczuk, J. Przybylski, G. Sedek,
R. J. Zochowski, T. Palko, A. Whitty
and Melvyn Rubenfire
Natural History of Experimental Myocardial Ischemia.
Observations in Acute and Chronic Studies 165
W. J. Wajszczuk, R. J. Zochowski, J. Przybylski,
N. Z. Kerin and M. Rubenfire
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CARDIAC ELECTRIC
FIELD MAPPING
Axis Concept in Body Surface Mapping 177
H. Abel and G. Schoffa
On-Line ECG Mapping by a Small Microprocessor System 183
G. Schoffa
Methods for Automatic Classification in Body
Surface Mapping 187
G. Schoffa
Exercise Electrocardiography and Monitoring of
Myocardial Infarction with a Clinical Mapping
System 191
R. Hinsen, J. Silny, G. Rau, R. v. Essen,
W. Merx and S. Effert
Surface Mapping Characteristics of Left Fascicular
Blocks 205
I. Preda, Gy. Kozmann and Z. Antaloczy
CONTENTS
x
Spatial Velocity ln the Second Part of QRS
in the ECG of Rabbits 219
R. Lolov
List of Contributors 223
227
Index
I. INTRODUCTORY REVIEW
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY AND MAGNETOCARDIOGRAPHY TODAY
Pierre Rijlant
Institute Solvay de Physiologie
Free University of Brussels
Brussels, Belgium
The recent developments of magnetocardiography have provided
the basis for a valid confrontation of electro-cardiograms and mag
netocardiograms. The general tendency is to emphasize the similarity
of both recordings, both originating from the same electrical genera
tor system. In his 1979 review, Geselowitz although considering the
configuration of the magnetocardiogram's waveform to be much the same
as that of the electrocardiogram, also signals the great clinical po
tential interest in the measurements of currents of injury by magnet
ocardiography as performed already in the dog's heart and evokes the
influence of the movements of the blood on the external magnetic
field. This component of the magnetic field, not related to the
activation process of the heart, was considered in 1980 at the Paris
meeting of the 8th European Congress of Cardiology. A quantitative
appraisal of the magnetic signals related to the movements of the
heart and of the blood was attempted by Norman Tepley who analyses
the component of the magnetic field that is proportional to the
ambient field ana arises from the presence of diamagnetic blood and
tissue. This also makes for the possibility to detect the blood flow
in the aorta and in the large arteries. By placing the subject in a
large system of Helmholtz coils, Tepley either compensates or increa
ses the effect of the external or earth's field and thus either sup
presses or controls the size of the magnetic field of extraneous
or~g~n. This can provide for a non invasive mapping of blood flow
but provides also the means to isolate the magnetic field due to the
flow of current in the heart. Similar results have been obtained by
Peters and her co-workers at the physics department of Enschede in
the Netherlands and also already in 1971 by Grynspan.
My purpose is not to examine the contributions of the mechanical
activity of the heart to the magnetocardiogram, but to consider to
3