Modelling Pulsar Wind Nebulae

318 Pages·2017·11.844 MB·English

by  Diego F. Torres (eds.)

Astrophysics and Space Science Library 446
Diego F. Torres
Editor
Modelling
Pulsar Wind
Nebulae
Modelling Pulsar Wind Nebulae
Astrophysics and Space Science Library
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chairman
W.B.BURTON,NationalRadioAstronomyObservatory,Charlottesville,
Virginia,U.S.A.([email protected]);UniversityofLeiden,TheNetherlands
([email protected])
F.BERTOLA,UniversityofPadua,Italy
C.J.CESARSKY,CommissionforAtomicEnergy,Saclay,France
P.EHRENFREUND,LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands
O.ENGVOLD,UniversityofOslo,Norway
E.P.J.VANDENHEUVEL,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
V.M.KASPI,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada
J.M.E.KUIJPERS,UniversityofNijmegen,TheNetherlands
H.VANDERLAAN,UniversityofUtrecht,TheNetherlands
P.G.MURDIN,InstituteofAstronomy,Cambridge,UK
B.V.SOMOV,AstronomicalInstitute,MoscowStateUniversity,Russia
R.A.SUNYAEV,MaxPlanckInstituteforAstrophysics,Garching,Germany
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5664
Diego F. Torres
Editor
Modelling Pulsar Wind
Nebulae
123
Editor
DiegoF.Torres
ICREA&InstituteofSpaceSciences
(IEEC-CSIC)CampusUAB
Barcelona,Spain
ISSN0067-0057 ISSN2214-7985 (electronic)
AstrophysicsandSpaceScienceLibrary
ISBN978-3-319-63030-4 ISBN978-3-319-63031-1 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-63031-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017954960
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Coverillustration:ThiscompositeimageoftheCrabNebula,asupernovaremnant,wasassembledby
combiningdatafromfivetelescopesspanningnearlytheentirebreadthoftheelectromagneticspectrum:
the Very Large Array, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, the XMM-Newton
Observatory, andtheChandraX-rayObservatory. Credit: G.Dubner(IAFE,CONICET-University of
BuenosAires)etal.;A.Lolletal.;T.Temimetal.;F.Sewardetal.;NASA,ESA,VLA/NRAO/AUI/NSF;
Chandra/CXC;Spitzer/JPL-Caltech;XMM-Newton/ESO;andHubble/STScI
Printedonacid-freepaper
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Preface
This book contains a collection of reviews of specific aspects of the modelling
of nebulae by some of the experts in the field, intending to give a broad and
comprehensiveoverviewonthe topic.Particularly,thebookpaysspecialattention
to those areas for which reviews were not yet published. The aim of this book is
thentoprovideareferencepoint,usefulforresearchersinthefieldofpulsarwind
nebulaeandbeyond.
Thebookassesses,amongothers,thefollowingquestions:Whatkindofmodels
dowealreadyhave,andwhatkindsofmodelsareneededtoreachamoreprofound
understandingofnebulae?Canmodelsbecombined?Whicharethemostpromising
avenuesforunifyingmodelclasses?Cantheybemadeversatileenoughtointerpret
observationsofhundredsof sources?To whatextentare the resultsfromdifferent
radiative models comparable? What key features are they missing? Up to what
extentare time-dependentmodelswithoutspatial informationreliable/useful?Are
hybridhadronic/leptonicmodelsnecessaryformodellingnebulaeingeneral?What
isthebestcaseforahadronic-dominatednebula?Howcanwedifferentiatehadronic
fromleptonicnebulaeatanobservationallevel?Whatistheimpactofhybridmodels
and how can they be observationally tested? How do we move forward: What
featuresarethemodelsmissingtoaccountfortheforthcomingdata?
Thisbookwasconceivedatthe5thSantCugatForumonAstrophysicssession,
“ModellingNebulae”,heldonJune14–17,2016.Thisworkshopjoinedtogetheran
internationalgroupofexpertswiththeaimofassessingthetheoreticalstateoftheart
inmodellingpulsarwindnebulae.Itdidsoinviewofthecurrentandforthcoming
observationaldata,whichwerereviewed.
The Sant Cugat Forum on Astrophysics1 is a logistic and scientific framework
designed to host international meetings of scientists. The forum workshops focus
onaspecificaspectofastrophysicsandhaveadurationof3–4days.
1http://www.ice.csic.es/research/forum.
v
vi Preface
Sincesuchareferencebookwascurrentlylackingintheliterature,theScientific
OrganizingCommitteebelievedthisvolumecouldbeawelcomedadditiontoitand
helpedinplanningitscontents.
TheScientificOrganizingCommitteewasformedby
ElenaAmato(INAF/Obs.Arcetri,Italy)
AyaBamba(AoyamaUniversity,Japan)
EmmadeOñaWilhelmi(IEEC-CSIC,Spain)
JosephGelfand(NYUAD,UnitedArabEmirates)
SimonJohnston(CSIRO,Australia)
SergueiKomissarov(Leeds,UK)
AnatolySpitkovsky(Princeton,USA)
DiegoF.Torres(ICREA/IEEC-CSIC,Spain)
Asmainorganizeroftheworkshopandeditorofthisbook,itismypleasureto
thankthemall,togetherwithacknowledgingthehelpreceivedfromtheSantCugat
CityHall,ICREA,andIEEC.Ithankaswell,ofcourse,allspeakersandattendees
to the workshop for providing such a lively setting for discussion and learning. I
hopesomeofthatspiritisreflectedinthesepagesand,inturn,thattheyprovidea
usefulentryreadingtoatopicsoactiveanddiverse.
SantCugat,Spain DiegoF.Torres
March2017
Contents
1 RadioPropertiesofPulsarWindNebulae............................... 1
RolandKothes
1.1 Introduction........................................................... 1
1.2 BackgroundInformation............................................. 2
1.2.1 Pulsars....................................................... 3
1.2.2 PulsarWindNebulae....................................... 4
1.3 RadioEmissionfromPulsarWindNebulae ........................ 13
1.3.1 SynchrotronEmissionfromPWNe........................ 13
1.3.2 RadioSpectraofPWNe.................................... 14
1.3.3 SpectralBreaksinPWNe .................................. 16
1.4 MagneticFieldsinPWNe............................................ 18
1.4.1 MagneticFieldsinYoungPWNe.......................... 20
1.4.2 MagneticFieldsinEvolvedPWNe........................ 22
References.................................................................... 24
2 OpticalandInfraredObservationsofPulsarWindNebulae.......... 29
TeaTemimandPatrickSlane
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 29
2.2 PropertiesandEvolutionofPWNe.................................. 30
2.2.1 BasicProperties............................................. 30
2.2.2 PWNEvolution............................................. 32
2.3 OpticalandInfraredEmissionfromPWNe......................... 34
2.3.1 Non-thermalEmissionfromthePWN..................... 35
2.3.2 EmissionfromShockedSNEjecta ........................ 37
2.3.3 EmissionfromSN-FormedDust........................... 41
2.4 Summary.............................................................. 43
References.................................................................... 44
3 PulsarWindNebulaeViewedThroughtheGamma-RayEye......... 47
FabioAcero
3.1 Introduction........................................................... 47
3.2 UnidentifiedSourcesandPWNe .................................... 49
vii
viii Contents
3.3 TheHEtoVHEConnection......................................... 50
3.4 DemographyoftheGamma-RayPWNe............................ 51
3.4.1 FewYoungandEnergeticNebulae ........................ 52
3.4.2 ALargePopulationofOldand(Re)TiredNebula........ 53
3.5 PulsarWindNebulaeFlares ......................................... 55
3.6 MagnetarWindNebulae:MWNe ................................... 57
3.7 Conclusion............................................................ 58
References.................................................................... 59
4 ObservationalLinksBetweenFermi-LATPulsarsandTheir
Nebulae ...................................................................... 61
EmmadeOñaWilhelmi
4.1 Introduction........................................................... 61
4.2 High-EnergyPulsarsandTheirRelativisticWinds................. 64
4.3 BeyondtheWind:ThePulsarWindNebulae....................... 66
4.4 ConnectingPulsarsandPWNe...................................... 67
4.4.1 Distributionof LAT Pulsars and TeV PWNe
intheGalaxy................................................ 70
4.4.2 Energetics................................................... 72
4.5 NewTypeofPulsarsandPulsarWindNebula...................... 74
4.6 ProspectsandConclusions........................................... 78
References.................................................................... 78
5 ProspectsforPulsarWindNebulaeObservationswith(cid:2)-Ray
AstronomyFacilities:CherenkovTelescopeArrayandSatellites..... 81
GiovannaPedaletti
5.1 Introduction:AnOverviewoftheNext“gamma”Decade ........ 81
5.2 TheFutureofVHEAstronomy:CTA............................... 82
5.3 TheImpactofCTAonthePhysicsofPWN ........................ 86
5.3.1 CTAGalacticPlaneSurvey:AKeyScienceProgram.... 87
5.3.2 CTAEnergyDependentMorphologyandPWN
Identification................................................ 89
5.3.3 CTA,Crab,andItsFlares .................................. 90
5.4 Space-BorneDetectors............................................... 92
5.4.1 ImprovementinAngularResolution
andPolarimetricCapabilities .............................. 92
5.4.2 CombiningtheComptonandthePair-Production
DetectionTechnique........................................ 93
5.5 TheImportanceoftheMeV–GeVRangeforthePhysics
ofPWN ............................................................... 97
5.6 Summary.............................................................. 99
References.................................................................... 99
Contents ix
6 CrabObservationalStatus:Nebulae,Pulsations,andFlares.......... 101
RobertaZanin
6.1 Introduction........................................................... 101
6.2 CrabPulsar ........................................................... 102
6.2.1 TheRotationalFrequency.................................. 103
6.2.2 PulseProfile................................................. 103
6.2.3 Polarization ................................................. 104
6.2.4 GiantPulses................................................. 107
6.2.5 SpectralMeasurements..................................... 108
6.2.6 LessonsfromtheCrabPulsarObservations............... 110
6.3 CrabNebula .......................................................... 111
6.3.1 The“Halo”andtheCage................................... 112
6.3.2 MorphologicalMeasurements ............................. 113
6.3.3 SpectralMeasurements..................................... 117
6.3.4 TheGamma-RayFlares.................................... 120
6.3.5 PolarizationMeasurements ................................ 124
6.3.6 LessonsontheCrabNebula ............................... 126
References.................................................................... 127
7 PulsarStripedWinds ...................................................... 135
IwonaMochol
7.1 Introduction........................................................... 135
7.1.1 GeneralPicture ............................................. 135
7.1.2 Problems.................................................... 136
7.2 MHDPicture:StripedWinds........................................ 138
7.2.1 LaunchingfromaMagnetosphere......................... 138
7.2.2 TheStripedWindStructure................................ 141
7.3 ReconnectionandPulsedEmissionfromtheWind ................ 143
7.3.1 WhytheWindModel? ..................................... 143
7.3.2 RelativisticReconnectionandParticleAcceleration
intheWind.................................................. 145
7.3.3 ImplicationsforGamma-RaySpectraofPulsars ......... 149
7.4 MHD and Beyond: (cid:3)-Problem and the Structure
ofTerminationShocksofStripedWinds............................ 151
7.5 Summary.............................................................. 155
References.................................................................... 155
8 RadiativeModelsofPulsarWindNebulae .............................. 161
JosephD.Gelfand
8.1 Introduction........................................................... 161
8.2 One-ZoneModelsfortheEvolutionofaPWNInsideaSNR ..... 163
8.2.1 InjectionofRelativisticParticleandMagneticFields.... 163
8.2.2 EvolutionofParticlesandMagneticField
InsideaPWN............................................... 166
8.2.3 InteractionBetweenthePWNandSNR................... 171