Modelling Agroforestry Systems

338 Pages·2011·4.89 MB·English

Modelling Agroforestry
Systems
Workshop Proceedings
CATIE, Costa Rica, 25–29 February 2008
Editors: Bruno RAPIDEL, Olivier ROUPSARD,
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Muriel NAVARRO
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Headquarters, CATIE 7170
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Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
www.catie.ac.cr
Technical Series
Technical Meetings no. 14
Modelling Agroforestry
Systems
Workshop Proceedings
CATIE, Costa Rica, 25–29 February 2008
Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center
(CATIE)
Turrialba, Costa Rica, 2009
The Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE)
is a regional center dedicated to research and graduate education in agri-
culture and the management, conservation and sustainable use of natural
resources. Its members include the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation
on Agriculture (IICA), Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican
Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,
Paraguay, Venezuela and Spain.
© Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center, CATIE
2009
ISBN 978-9977-57-479-4
Scientific editors: Bruno Rapidel, Olivier Roupsard,
Jean-François Le Coq and Muriel Navarro
Edition, cover design and diffusion: Muriel Navarro
Layout: Communications Office
Photographical credits: Muriel Navarro and Jacques Avelino
Satellite photo on cover: courtesy NASA
Printed in Costa Rica, 2009, by Litografía e Imprenta LIL, S.A.
Document produced by the Mesoamerican PCP Committee
Coordination Unit: Bruno Rapidel, CIRAD
E-mail: [email protected]
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................7
Mesoamerican Scientific Partnership Platform
“Agroforestry Systems with Perennial Crops” .....................................................9
PCP Partners ...................................................................................................................11
Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) ............11
Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD) ............12
CAB International (CABI) ................................................................................................13
INCAE Business School .................................................................................................14
Regional Cooperative Programme for the Technological
Development and Modernization of the Coffee Industry (PROMECAFE) ......15
Bioversity International ...................................................................................................16
Introduction to the Workshop ...................................................................................17
Bruno RAPIDEL, Olivier ROUPSARD and Muriel NAVARRO
Scientific Framework of the Mesoamerican Scientific Partnership
Platform (PCP) for Agroforestry Systems with Perennial Crops ...............21
Bruno RAPIDEL, Philippe VAAST and John BEER
SESSION 1
Biophysical Modelling..............................................................................................39
Chairman: Fergus Sinclair (U. of Wales, Bangor)
The APSIM Experience in Australia: From Research Model to Farmer
Application ..........................................................................................................................41
Neil I. HUTH and Peter S. CARBERRY
CASTANEA: A Forest Process-Based Model of Carbon
and Water Balances ........................................................................................................51
Guerric LE MAIRE, Hendrik DAVI and Eric DUFRENE
Why Is Agroforestry So Challenging for Modellers? How to Conciliate
Complexity, Interactions, Accuracy and Upscaling?.
A Proposed Strategy for Agroforestry Modelling ...................................................69
Olivier ROUPSARD, Federico GOMEZ-DELGADO,
Bruno RAPIDEL and Guerric LE MAIRE
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Modelling Coffee Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) ...............................................................81
Jacques AVELINO
Predicting the Effect of Climate Change on Perennial Crops:
What Do We Know, What Factor Do We Need to Take into
Account and Which Models Can We Use? ..............................................................91
Nicolás FRANCK and Carlo MONTES
Climate Change: Its Impacts on Coffee Farming Households
and the Role of Agroforestry .........................................................................................94
Jeremy HAGGAR
SESSION 2
Socioeconomic Modelling ...................................................................................105
Chairman: Jeremy Haggar (CATIE)
Economic Perspectives for Central America after CAFTA:
a GTAP-Based Analysis ...............................................................................................107
Joseph F. FRANCOIS, Luis RIVERA and Hugo ROJAS-ROMAGOSA
Rural Producers’ Organizations’ Participation in Policy-Making Processes:
Explaining Dynamics Through a Comprehensive Modelling of Strategic
Behaviours ........................................................................................................................116
Elodie MAITRE D’HOTEL, Jean François LE COQ and Fernando SAENZ
Economic Analysis of Converting an Agroforestry System (AFS)
with a Service Forest Component into a Joint Production AFS
of an Agricultural Crop and a Forestry Crop (Timber): Case Study of
Converting a Cacao-Inga sp AFS into a Cacao-Cordia alliodora AFS ..........125
Guillermo A. Navarro and Gerardo Bermúdez Cruz
Methodologies for Land-Use Analysis and the Assessment
of Institutional Changes Between Stakeholders:
The Case of Pepper Producers in Costa Rica ......................................................144
Fernando SAENZ
Policy Process and Empowerment of Farmer Organizations:
How Models Can Help..................................................................................................150
Jean François LE COQ and Fernando SAENZ
SESSION 3
Models Adapated to Agroforestry Systems (AFS) .....................................165
Chairman: Neil HUTH (CSIRO)
Simulating the Shading Pattern of Tree Shades Using ShadeMotion 2.0 ...167
Francisco QUESADA and Eduardo SOMARRIBA
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Simulating Agroforestry System at Plot Scale: APES-Agroforesty
Limitations and Advantages of Modularity ............................................................175
Eric CASELLAS
Loss of Functional Diversity with Agricultural Intensification:
A New Model for Evaluating Loss of Biodiversity with Implications
for Ecosystem Functioning .........................................................................................188
Fabrice DE CLERCK, Daniel FLYNN, Mélanie GOGOL-PROKURAT,
Theresa NOGIERE and Margie MAYFIELD
Plot-Scale Modelling of Coffee Agroforestry Systems
in Central America ..........................................................................................................191
Marcel VAN OIJEN, Jean DAUZAT, Jean-Michel HARMAND,
Gerry LAWSON and Philippe VAAST
Olympe, a Multiscale Tool to Explore Management Options
in Agroforestry Systems ...............................................................................................203
Olivier DEHEUVELS and Eric PENOT
Modelling the Contribution of Silvopastoral Systems for Biodiversity
Conservation: New Habitat and Increased Connectivity in the Copan
River Watershed, Honduras ........................................................................................216
Andre SANFIORENZO, Fabrice DE CLERCK, Tamara BENJAMIN
and Sergio VELASQUEZ
Studying Cropping System Management by Simulation:
The Record Platform Project ......................................................................................227
J.-E. BERGEZ, P. CHABRIER, F. GARCIA, C. GARY, M.-H. JEUFFROY,
R. MARTIN-CLOUAIRE, H. RAYNAL, D. WALLACH
Building a Biophysical Conceptual Model of Agroforestry Systems (AFS)
with Coffee Incorporating Scientific, Expert and Farmers’ Knowledge
in Costa Rica....................................................................................................................230
Camila REBOLLEDO, Bruno RAPIDEL, Jacques AVELINO
and Fergus SINCLAIR
DEBATE of Session 3
Developing Models, Reusing Models, Coding or Using Platforms ................247
Neil I. HUTH (CSIRO)
SESSION 4
Databases and Models..........................................................................................251
Chairman: Bruno RAPIDEL (CIRAD, CATIE)
The EU-CASCA Project: Databases and Models ................................................253
Philippe VAAST, Jean-Michel HARMAND and Olivier ROUPSARD
5
Shade-Productivity Interactions in Coffee Agroforestry Trials
in Costa Rica and Nicaragua .....................................................................................263
Jeremy HAGGAR, Mirna BARRIOS, Marvin MERLO, Rodolfo MUNGUIA,
Charles STAVER, Elias de MELO and F. VIRGINIO
An Overview of the Existing Databases on Cocoa-Based AFS in CATIE.....275
Cliserio GONZALEZ and Eduardo SOMARRIBA
DEBATE of Session 4
Existing Databases to Parameterize and Test Models .......................................277
Bruno RAPIDEL (CIRAD, CATIE)
SESSION 5
Hydrological Modelling .........................................................................................279
Chairman: Olivier ROUPSARD (CIRAD-CATIE)
Spatialization and Modelling of Water Balance Components from
Plots to Watershedsin Costa Rica and Effects of Agricultural Land-Use
and Management Practices on Hydrological Environmental Services,
with a Focus on the Coffee Sector and Its Alternatives ....................................281
Federico GOMEZ-DELGADO, Olivier ROUPSARD,
Roger MOUSSA and Bruno RAPIDEL
Modelling Erosion in Alternative Land-Use Scenarios Under Current
and Future Climate Change: Inputs for Soil Conservation Management
Programs in the Birrís Watershed, Costa Rica .....................................................289
Raffaele VIGNOLA, M MARCHAMALO, Federico GOMEZ-DELGADO,
T KOEMMNER
Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Ecosystem Functions
in Mesoamerica ...............................................................................................................305
Pablo IMBACH
SYNTHESIS of Session 5
Hydrological Modelling .................................................................................................307
Olivier ROUPSARD (CIRAD, CATIE)
CONCLUSIONS and PERSPECTIVES of Modelling Agroforestry
System in Mesoamerica: Specificities, New Issues
and Further Orientations ..............................................................................................312
Jean François LE COQ, Bruno RAPIDEL and Muriel NAVARRO
Contacts ...........................................................................................................................331
List of Speakers ..............................................................................................................331
List of Participants .........................................................................................................332
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Acknowledgements
The organization of this workshop has been made possible thanks
to CIRAD (AI-PCP 2007) and CATIE, who provided financial and
staff support. The workshop was organized with the help of Patricia
Hernández and Margarita Alvarado of CATIE.
All the following presentations are in English with abstracts in English
and Spanish.
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Introduction
Mesoamerican Scientific Partnership Platform
“Agroforestry Systems with Perennial Crops”
The Mesoamerican PCP was signed on April 2007 by CIRAD,
CATIE, INCAE, CABI and PROMECAFE to increase the competi-
tiveness and sustainability of the agricultural sector of Mesoamerica
through the quantification, valuing and development of all the poten-
tial products and environmental services of agroforestry systems with
perennial crops (in particular coffee and cocoa). At the end of 2007,
Bioversity also joined the PCP.
This platform is an initiative to bring together scientists from the six
partners to address these challenges as a strong, multidisciplinary,
group and achieve significant research and developmental results.
The organization of the PCP is structured around:
ß Steering Committee with an official representative of each
partner
ß Coordination Unit located in CATIE, Costa Rica
ß Scientific Team of researchers, experts and students around five
main themes.
Theme 1: Agroforestry Systems (AFS) as providers of environmental
services (including carbon sequestration, biodiversity, soil and water
conservation)
Theme 2: Competitive, sustainable and diversified AFS management
strategies (includes adaptation to suboptimal conditions and long-
term environmental change)
Theme 3: Impacts of AFS on rural livelihoods
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