Modeling Methods for Environmental Engineers PDF
Preview Modeling Methods for Environmental Engineers
Modeling Methods tor Environmental Engineers Modeling Methods tor Environ mental Engineers lsam Mohammed Abdei-Magid, Ph.D. Sultan Qaboos University Sultanate of Oman Abdei-Wahid Hago Mohammed, Ph.D. Sultan Qaboos University Sultanate of Oman Donald R. Rowe, Ph.D. D.R. Rowe Engineering Services Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA The software mentioned in this book is now available for download on our Web site at: http://www.crcpress.com/e_products/downloads/default.asp Acquiring Editor. Joel Stein Project Editor: Andrea Demby Marketing Manager: Greg Daurelle Direct Marketing Manager: Becky McEldowney Cover design: Denise Craig PrePress: Greg Cuciak Manufacturing: Sheri Schwartz LIMITED WARRANTY CRC Press warrants the physical CD/ROM enclosed herein to be free of defects in materials and work manship for a period of thirty days from the date of purchase. If within the warranty period CRC Press receives written notification of defects in materials or workmanship, and such notification is determined by CRC Press to be correct, CRC Press will replace the defective CD/ROM. The entire and exclusive liability and remedy for breach of this Limited Warranty shall be limited to replace ment of defective CD/ROM and shall not include or extend to any claim for or right to cover any other damages, including but not limited to, loss of profit, data, or use of the software, or special, incidental, or consequential damages or other similar claims, even if CRC Press has been specifically advised of the possibility of such damages. In no event will the liability of CRC Press for any damages to you or any other person ever exceed the lower suggested list price or actual price paid for the software, regardless of any form of the claim. CRC Press specifically disclaims all other warranties, express or implied, including but not limited to, any 1mplied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Specifically, CRC Press makes no representation or warranty thai the software is fit for any particular purpose and any implied warranty of merchantability is limited to the thirty-day duration of the Limited Warranty covering the physical CD/ROM only (and not the software) and is otherwise expressly and specifically disclaimed. Since some states do not allow the exclusion of incidental or consequential damages, or the limitation on how long an implied warranty lasts, some of the above may not apply to you. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY AND LIMITS OF LIABILITY: The author(s) of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this material. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. Neither the author(s) nor the publisher make warranties of any kind, express or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book, including without limitation warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No liability is accepted in any event for any damages, including incidental or consequential damages, lost profits, costs of lost data or program material, or otherwise in connection with or arising out of the furnishing, performance, or use of the programs this book. Ubrary of Congress C:oia!oging-in-IP'ublication Data 'Abd a!-Majid, 'Isam Muham1nad. Modeling methods for environmental engineers /!sam Mohammed Abdel -Magid, Abdel-Wahid Hago !v:loharnmed, Donald R. Rowe. p. ern. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-172-4 (alk. paper) J. Pollution control equipment--Design and construction--Data processing. 2 Pollution control equipment--Design and construction--Computer programs. L Mohammed, Abdel-Wahid Hago. II. Rowe, Donald R. III. Title. TD 192.A25 1996 628--dc20 96-4980 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author(s) and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for generaL distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific pennission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, !nc., 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. © 1997 by CRC Press, Inc. Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press. No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-172-4 Library of Congress Card Number 96-4980 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Preface Environmental engineering is that branch of engineering dealing with activities in the areas of air, water, wastewater, solid waste, radiation, and hazardous materials. Many textbooks have been published in all of these areas; however, most of them lack the fundamental utilization and application of computer programming. Com puter programming is now of paramount importance not only for the students, but also for the practicing engineers. This book presents computer programs in the air, water, and wastewater fields that can be used to evaluate and assist in the design of environmental control systems. This book will be of value to environmental engi neers, sanitary engineers, civil engineers, town planners, industrial engineers, agri~ cultural engineers, treatment plant designers, consultation firms, and researchers. The BASIC programming language was selected for its simplicity and used through, out this book. The broad objectives of this book are to facilitate improving teaching, learning, and research in the application of computer programming based on well-established models, equations, fonnulas, and procedures used in the environmental engineering field. The more specific objectives are as follows: 1. To help the reader in the design of treatment and disposal facilities 2. To introduce the basic concepts of computer design 3. To aid in the teaching of environmental engineering unit operations and processes design 4. To improve the understanding by students and researchers in the environmental engi neering field This book contains many illustrative figures, schematic diagrams, solved prac tical examples, design problems, and tutorial homework problems. A wide range and spectrum of environmental engineering subjects are covered. Many computer programs are included and they cover both the environmental design principles and the structural design parameters using different materials. This book is written in a clear, concise manner in order to enhance understandability. SI units are used throughout this book. The format of the book is divided into four sections. The first section deals with introductory material that contains functions and layout of the computer, program ming and modeling concepts, and the basic outlines for the BASIC language. The second section covers water sources and resources and is divided into three chapters. Chapter Two deals with characteristics of water and wastewater, supported by mathematical equations in order to help programming, for water resources and sources, and groundwater flow. Emphasis is placed on water abstraction from wells with the consequent drawdown relationships. Chapter Three discusses water treat ment unit operations/processes and water storage and distribution. This chapter outlines the design concepts adopted in treatment plant unit operations (e.g., screens, sedimentation and flotation, and aeration) and treatment unit processes (e.g., coag ulation and flocculation, filtration, desalinization, and water stabilization). Each treatment process is briefly introduced and emphasis is given to the design of the units using appropriate equations, assumptions, and design tools. Chapter Four deals with water storage and distribution. This chapter highlights design of water storage tanks (communal, dwelling) and the methods used for both urban and rural water distribution. The third section of this book deals with wastewater engineering, measurement, collection, treatment units, and disposal. This section is divided in two main chapters, with Chapter Five focused on wastewater collection systems for rural areas and urban fringes. Sewerage system design is introduced within the context of this chapter. Chapter Five also discusses selected methods for wastewater disposal for rural inhabitants. Chapter Six is introduced to aid design of wastewater treatment and disposal units. More stress is placed on indepth design considerations and parameters for selected systems universally adopted for both rural and urban regions. This chapter emphasizes preliminary, primary, tertiary, and sludge treatment methods and the disposal of treated wastewater to rivers, lakes, or oceans. The fourth section of this book deals with air pollution control technology. The first section presents a brief overview of the air pollution field followed by funda mental concepts that are necessary for calculations dealing with air pollution controL Also included are computer programs based on mathematical equations and models relating to these fundamental concepts. The most commonly used air pollution control devices for gaseous and particulate pollutants are also presented (e.g., absorp tion, adsorption and combustion for gaseous contaminants and settling chambers, cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, venturi scrubbers, and baghouse filters for con trolling particulate emissions). Each control device or technique is accompanied by a computer program that can aid in the design or evaluation of air pollution control equipment. This section concludes with mathematical models that can be used for determination of effective stack heights (plume rise), as well as dispersion models that can help estimate the concentrations of air pollutants dispersed into the atmo sphere. Computer programs for both stack height calculations and dispersion models are included. All computer programs in the book are included on diskettes. Isam Mohammed Abdei-Magid Abdel-Wahid Hago Mohammed Donald R. Rowe Authors lsam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Ph.D., received his B.Sc. degree in Civil Engi neering from Khartoum University, Sudan; Diploma in Hydrology from Padova University, Italy; M.Sc. in Sanitary Engineering from Delft University of Technol ogy, The Netherlands, and Ph.D. in Public Health Engineering from Strathclyde University, U.K. in 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1982 respectively. Dr. Abdel-Magid has authored over 28 publications, 10 scientific textbooks, and numerous technical reports and lecture notes dealing with water supply and resources; wastewater treatment, disposal, reclamation, and reuse; industrial wastes; and slow sand filtration, both in English and Arabic. He has participated in several workshops, symposia, seminars, and conferences. He has edited and co-edited many conference proceedings and college bulletins. The Sudan Engineering Society awarded him the prize for the Best Project in Civil Engineering in 1977. In 1986, the Khartoum University Press (KUP) awarded him an Honourly Scarf & Badge for Enrichment of Knowledge. Dr. Abdel-Magid has taught at Khartoum University, Sudan; United Arab Emir ates University, United Arab Emirates; Sultan Qaboos University, Oman; and Omdur man Islamic University, Sudan. Abdei-Wahid Hago Mohammed, Ph.D., received his B.Sc. degree in Civil Engineering from Khartoum University, Sudan in 1976. He received his Ph.D. degree from Glasgow University, Scotland in 1982. Dr. Hago has authored over 13 publi cations, numerous reports, lecture notes, and over 95 translated articles. He headed the Design Office of Newtech Industrial and Engineering Group, Sudan for three years, where he contributed to the design of buildings and factories in different parts of that country. ln 1986, he acted as a Senior Analyst for Associated Consultants and Partners, Khartoum, Sudan for the design of the ElObied town water distribution system. Dr. Hago has participated in several conferences and was a member of the organizing committee of the First National Conference on Technology of Buildings organized by the Sudan Engineering Society in 1984. Dr. Hago is a member of the Sudan Engineering Society. He has taught both undergraduate and postgraduate courses at Khartoum University and Sultan Qaboos University. He has supervised and co-supervised many M.Sc. and Ph.D. students. Donald R. Rowe, Ph.D., is President of D. R. Rowe Engineering Services, Inc., Bowling Green, Kentucky. He received his M.S. (1962) and Ph.D. (1965) from the University of Texas at Austin, and his B.S. degree (1948) in Civil Engineering from the University of Saskatchewan. From 1964 to 1969, he was Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineer ing, Tulane University; from 1969 to 1981, he was Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Technology, Western Kentucky University; and from 1981 to 1988, he was Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. From 1971 to 1993, he was Vice-President of the Larox Research Corpora tion, and from 1990 to the present, he has been President of his own company. Dr. Rowe has authored or co-authored over 70 reports and publications in the areas of air pollution, solid waste, water treatment and wastewater reclamation and reuse. He also co-authored Environmental Engineering (McGraw-Hill Publishers) and The Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse (CRC Press/Lewis Pub lishers). Dr. Rowe holds, with co-inventors, over 10 patents on catalytic conversion removal processes of air contaminants in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and Japan. In 1980, he was recipient of a Fulbright-Hays Award to Ege University in Izmir, Turkey. Dr. Rowe also carried out research on wastewater reclamation and reuse while at King Saud University. From 1984 to the present, he has served on the Peer Review Evaluation Com mittee for research projects funded by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Tech nology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the support, patience, encouragement, and understanding of their families while the authors were engaged in the enjoyable task of writing this book. CRC Press/Lewis Publishers editors are acknowledged for their forebearance and patience during all stages of the manuscript preparation, review, editing, and publishing. Particular thanks and appreciation go to Andrea Demby, Jan Boyle, and Victoria Held for their real contributions and outstanding efforts to bring this book to existence. The authors are indebted to a number of institutions, organizations, and indi viduals for permission to reproduce and draw published material, and these are acknowledged in the references. Thanks are also extended to the reviewers of the manuscript for their helpful comments and numerous constructive suggestions. The authors extend their thanks to all who contributed in different ways towards the production of this book. In the air pollution control section, acknowl edgment goes to Asa Raymond for typing, reviewing, and developing the computer programs. Also, a special thanks to Gary Whittle for his significant contribution in locating pertinent literature in the air pollution control field. Special thanks are also extended to Majid Soud Rashid Al-Khanjri and Taiseer lVlarhoon for redrawing and tracing Figures 7.16, 7.17, 7.32, and 7.33. The authors trust that the book will serve the needs of the profession and provide help and stimulation for candidates developing their own computer models. The authors invite and welcome any comments, suggestions, improvements, and con structive criticism from users of the text. Although diligent efforts have been made by the authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher to produce an errorfree book, some errors may have escaped the scrutiny of all. The authors would appreciate if any omissions or errors found be brought to their attention so that corrections can be made which will enhance the usefulness of this publication.
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