Table Of ContentModeling
Methods
tor
Environmental
Engineers
Modeling
Methods
tor
Environ mental
Engineers
lsam Mohammed Abdei-Magid, Ph.D.
Sultan Qaboos University
Sultanate of Oman
Abdei-Wahid Hago Mohammed, Ph.D.
Sultan Qaboos University
Sultanate of Oman
Donald R. Rowe, Ph.D.
D.R. Rowe Engineering Services
Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
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Ubrary of Congress C:oia!oging-in-IP'ublication Data
'Abd a!-Majid, 'Isam Muham1nad.
Modeling methods for environmental engineers /!sam Mohammed Abdel
-Magid, Abdel-Wahid Hago !v:loharnmed, Donald R. Rowe.
p. ern.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-172-4 (alk. paper)
J. Pollution control equipment--Design and construction--Data
processing. 2 Pollution control equipment--Design and
construction--Computer programs. L Mohammed, Abdel-Wahid Hago.
II. Rowe, Donald R. III. Title.
TD 192.A25 1996
628--dc20 96-4980
CIP
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International Standard Book Number 1-56670-172-4
Library of Congress Card Number 96-4980
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Preface
Environmental engineering is that branch of engineering dealing with activities in
the areas of air, water, wastewater, solid waste, radiation, and hazardous materials.
Many textbooks have been published in all of these areas; however, most of them
lack the fundamental utilization and application of computer programming. Com
puter programming is now of paramount importance not only for the students, but
also for the practicing engineers. This book presents computer programs in the air,
water, and wastewater fields that can be used to evaluate and assist in the design of
environmental control systems. This book will be of value to environmental engi
neers, sanitary engineers, civil engineers, town planners, industrial engineers, agri~
cultural engineers, treatment plant designers, consultation firms, and researchers.
The BASIC programming language was selected for its simplicity and used through,
out this book.
The broad objectives of this book are to facilitate improving teaching, learning, and
research in the application of computer programming based on well-established models,
equations, fonnulas, and procedures used in the environmental engineering field.
The more specific objectives are as follows:
1. To help the reader in the design of treatment and disposal facilities
2. To introduce the basic concepts of computer design
3. To aid in the teaching of environmental engineering unit operations and processes
design
4. To improve the understanding by students and researchers in the environmental engi
neering field
This book contains many illustrative figures, schematic diagrams, solved prac
tical examples, design problems, and tutorial homework problems. A wide range
and spectrum of environmental engineering subjects are covered. Many computer
programs are included and they cover both the environmental design principles and
the structural design parameters using different materials. This book is written in a
clear, concise manner in order to enhance understandability. SI units are used
throughout this book.
The format of the book is divided into four sections. The first section deals with
introductory material that contains functions and layout of the computer, program
ming and modeling concepts, and the basic outlines for the BASIC language.
The second section covers water sources and resources and is divided into three
chapters. Chapter Two deals with characteristics of water and wastewater, supported
by mathematical equations in order to help programming, for water resources and
sources, and groundwater flow. Emphasis is placed on water abstraction from wells
with the consequent drawdown relationships. Chapter Three discusses water treat
ment unit operations/processes and water storage and distribution. This chapter
outlines the design concepts adopted in treatment plant unit operations (e.g., screens,
sedimentation and flotation, and aeration) and treatment unit processes (e.g., coag
ulation and flocculation, filtration, desalinization, and water stabilization). Each
treatment process is briefly introduced and emphasis is given to the design of the
units using appropriate equations, assumptions, and design tools. Chapter Four deals
with water storage and distribution. This chapter highlights design of water storage
tanks (communal, dwelling) and the methods used for both urban and rural water
distribution.
The third section of this book deals with wastewater engineering, measurement,
collection, treatment units, and disposal. This section is divided in two main chapters,
with Chapter Five focused on wastewater collection systems for rural areas and
urban fringes. Sewerage system design is introduced within the context of this
chapter. Chapter Five also discusses selected methods for wastewater disposal for
rural inhabitants. Chapter Six is introduced to aid design of wastewater treatment
and disposal units. More stress is placed on indepth design considerations and
parameters for selected systems universally adopted for both rural and urban regions.
This chapter emphasizes preliminary, primary, tertiary, and sludge treatment methods
and the disposal of treated wastewater to rivers, lakes, or oceans.
The fourth section of this book deals with air pollution control technology. The
first section presents a brief overview of the air pollution field followed by funda
mental concepts that are necessary for calculations dealing with air pollution controL
Also included are computer programs based on mathematical equations and models
relating to these fundamental concepts. The most commonly used air pollution
control devices for gaseous and particulate pollutants are also presented (e.g., absorp
tion, adsorption and combustion for gaseous contaminants and settling chambers,
cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, venturi scrubbers, and baghouse filters for con
trolling particulate emissions). Each control device or technique is accompanied by
a computer program that can aid in the design or evaluation of air pollution control
equipment. This section concludes with mathematical models that can be used for
determination of effective stack heights (plume rise), as well as dispersion models
that can help estimate the concentrations of air pollutants dispersed into the atmo
sphere. Computer programs for both stack height calculations and dispersion models
are included. All computer programs in the book are included on diskettes.
Isam Mohammed Abdei-Magid
Abdel-Wahid Hago Mohammed
Donald R. Rowe
Authors
lsam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Ph.D., received his B.Sc. degree in Civil Engi
neering from Khartoum University, Sudan; Diploma in Hydrology from Padova
University, Italy; M.Sc. in Sanitary Engineering from Delft University of Technol
ogy, The Netherlands, and Ph.D. in Public Health Engineering from Strathclyde
University, U.K. in 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1982 respectively.
Dr. Abdel-Magid has authored over 28 publications, 10 scientific textbooks, and
numerous technical reports and lecture notes dealing with water supply and
resources; wastewater treatment, disposal, reclamation, and reuse; industrial wastes;
and slow sand filtration, both in English and Arabic. He has participated in several
workshops, symposia, seminars, and conferences. He has edited and co-edited many
conference proceedings and college bulletins.
The Sudan Engineering Society awarded him the prize for the Best Project in
Civil Engineering in 1977. In 1986, the Khartoum University Press (KUP) awarded
him an Honourly Scarf & Badge for Enrichment of Knowledge.
Dr. Abdel-Magid has taught at Khartoum University, Sudan; United Arab Emir
ates University, United Arab Emirates; Sultan Qaboos University, Oman; and Omdur
man Islamic University, Sudan.
Abdei-Wahid Hago Mohammed, Ph.D., received his B.Sc. degree in Civil
Engineering from Khartoum University, Sudan in 1976. He received his Ph.D. degree
from Glasgow University, Scotland in 1982. Dr. Hago has authored over 13 publi
cations, numerous reports, lecture notes, and over 95 translated articles. He headed
the Design Office of Newtech Industrial and Engineering Group, Sudan for three
years, where he contributed to the design of buildings and factories in different parts
of that country. ln 1986, he acted as a Senior Analyst for Associated Consultants
and Partners, Khartoum, Sudan for the design of the ElObied town water distribution
system.
Dr. Hago has participated in several conferences and was a member of the
organizing committee of the First National Conference on Technology of Buildings
organized by the Sudan Engineering Society in 1984. Dr. Hago is a member of the
Sudan Engineering Society. He has taught both undergraduate and postgraduate
courses at Khartoum University and Sultan Qaboos University. He has supervised
and co-supervised many M.Sc. and Ph.D. students.
Donald R. Rowe, Ph.D., is President of D. R. Rowe Engineering Services, Inc.,
Bowling Green, Kentucky.
He received his M.S. (1962) and Ph.D. (1965) from the University of Texas at
Austin, and his B.S. degree (1948) in Civil Engineering from the University of
Saskatchewan.
From 1964 to 1969, he was Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineer
ing, Tulane University; from 1969 to 1981, he was Associate Professor, Department
of Engineering Technology, Western Kentucky University; and from 1981 to 1988,
he was Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi
Arabia. From 1971 to 1993, he was Vice-President of the Larox Research Corpora
tion, and from 1990 to the present, he has been President of his own company.
Dr. Rowe has authored or co-authored over 70 reports and publications in the
areas of air pollution, solid waste, water treatment and wastewater reclamation and
reuse. He also co-authored Environmental Engineering (McGraw-Hill Publishers)
and The Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse (CRC Press/Lewis Pub
lishers).
Dr. Rowe holds, with co-inventors, over 10 patents on catalytic conversion
removal processes of air contaminants in the United States, Canada, Great Britain,
and Japan.
In 1980, he was recipient of a Fulbright-Hays Award to Ege University in Izmir,
Turkey. Dr. Rowe also carried out research on wastewater reclamation and reuse
while at King Saud University.
From 1984 to the present, he has served on the Peer Review Evaluation Com
mittee for research projects funded by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Tech
nology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the support, patience, encouragement,
and understanding of their families while the authors were engaged in the enjoyable
task of writing this book.
CRC Press/Lewis Publishers editors are acknowledged for their forebearance
and patience during all stages of the manuscript preparation, review, editing, and
publishing. Particular thanks and appreciation go to Andrea Demby, Jan Boyle, and
Victoria Held for their real contributions and outstanding efforts to bring this book
to existence.
The authors are indebted to a number of institutions, organizations, and indi
viduals for permission to reproduce and draw published material, and these are
acknowledged in the references. Thanks are also extended to the reviewers of the
manuscript for their helpful comments and numerous constructive suggestions.
The authors extend their thanks to all who contributed in different ways towards
the production of this book. In the air pollution control section, acknowl
edgment goes to Asa Raymond for typing, reviewing, and developing the computer
programs. Also, a special thanks to Gary Whittle for his significant contribution in
locating pertinent literature in the air pollution control field. Special thanks are also
extended to Majid Soud Rashid Al-Khanjri and Taiseer lVlarhoon for
redrawing and tracing Figures 7.16, 7.17, 7.32, and 7.33.
The authors trust that the book will serve the needs of the profession and provide
help and stimulation for candidates developing their own computer models. The
authors invite and welcome any comments, suggestions, improvements, and con
structive criticism from users of the text. Although diligent efforts have been made
by the authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher to produce an errorfree book, some
errors may have escaped the scrutiny of all. The authors would appreciate if any
omissions or errors found be brought to their attention so that corrections can be
made which will enhance the usefulness of this publication.
