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Modeling Entradas Florida Museum of Natural History: Ripley P. Bullen Series Modeling Entradas Sixteenth-Century Assemblages in North America Edited by Clay Mathers Foreword by Jeffrey M. Mitchem University of Florida Press Gainesville Copyright 2020 by Clay Mathers All rights reserved Published in the United States of America 25 24 23 22 21 20 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Mathers, Clay, editor. Title: Modeling entradas : sixteenth-century assemblages in North America / edited by Clay Mathers. Other titles: Ripley P. Bullen series. Description: Gainesville : University of Florida Press, 2020. | Series: Florida Museum of Natural History: Ripley P. Bullen series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020016199 (print) | LCCN 2020016200 (ebook) | ISBN 9781683401582 (hardback) | ISBN 9781683401865 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Indians of North America—History—16th century. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans. | North America—Discovery and exploration. | Spain—Colonies—America. Classification: LCC E77 .M68 2020 (print) | LCC E77 (ebook) | DDC 970.004/97—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020016199 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020016200 University of Florida Press 2046 NE Waldo Road Suite 2100 Gainesville, FL 32609 http://upress.ufl.edu Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Foreword xi Preface xv 1. Introduction: The Destiny of Their Manifests; Entrada Assemblages and the Challenge and Promise of Modeling Deep History 1 Clay Mathers 2. Distinguishing and Modeling Site Types in the Tiguex Province, New Mexico: Moho, Alcanfor, and the Struggle for Northern New Spain (1540–1542) 11 Clay Mathers and Michael P. Marshall 3. The Stark Farm Enigma: Evidence of the Chicasa (Chikasha)-Soto Encounter in Mississippi? 43 James B. Legg, Charles R. Cobb, Edmond A. Boudreaux III, Brad R. Lieb, Chester B. DePratter, and Steven D. Smith 4. Artifacts of the Soto and Luna y Arellano Expeditions in Alabama 68 Craig T. Sheldon and Ned J. Jenkins 5. New Insights from Elemental Analysis of Chevron Beads from Contact Period Sites in the Southeastern United States 101 Daniel M. Seinfeld and Munir Humayun 6. The Materials of Colonization: Archaeological and Documentary Traces of Tristán de Luna y Arellano’s Colonial Fleet 126 John E. Worth and John R. Bratten 7. Material Culture in Northern La Florida: Impoverishment, Improvisation, Innovation, and Interaction 146 Christopher B. Rodning, Robin A. Beck, and David G. Moore 8. The Hernando de Soto and Tristán de Luna y Arellano Expeditions in Central Alabama, 1540–1560: Routes, Cultures, and Consequences 162 Ned J. Jenkins and Craig T. Sheldon 9. The Acquisition of Sixteenth-Century European Objects by Native Americans in the Southeastern United States 203 Marvin T. Smith and David J. Hally Conclusion: Looking Forward and Making it Count; Improving Entrada Models 247 Clay Mathers Works Cited 257 List of Contributors 289 Index 295 Figures 1.1. Major sixteenth-century entrada and other prominent sites 8 2.1. Native regional settlements and Vázquez de Coronado entrada encampments in the Zuni and Tiguex areas 36 2.2. Sixteenth-century metal artifact distribution from the Santiago Environs Survey (2013–2017) 39 2.3. Metal artifact classes from the Santiago Environs Survey 40 3.1. Stark Farm vicinity and projected route of Soto, 1540–1541 44 3.2. Stark Farm sites positive for early European material 46 3.3. Non-reworked European objects from Stark Farm 51 3.4. Axe head material from Stark Farm 54 3.5. Celt forms from Stark Farm 55 3.6. Ground iron celts from Stark Farm 56 3.7. Miscellaneous iron tools from Stark Farm 58 3.8. Copper alloy artifacts from Stark Farm 59 3.9. Redware sherd from Stark Farm 61 4.1. Archaeological sites, Native provinces, and expedition routes in Alabama (Map by Sarah Mattics) 70 4.2. Burial 1 artifacts, Tukabatchee (1EE32) 76 4.3. Burial 2 artifacts, Tukabatchee (1EE32) 76 4.4. Burial 3 artifacts, Tukabatchee (1EE32) 77 4.5. Burial 4 artifacts, Tukabatchee (1EE32) 77 4.6. Beads from Tallassee (1MC1) 78 4.7. Burial 1 artifacts, Atasi (1MC9) 84 4.8. Burial 2 artifacts, Atasi (1MC9) 84 4.9. Burial 3 artifacts, Atasi (1MC9) 85 5.1. Map of sites 103 5.2. Faceted chevron beads analyzed using LA-ICP-MS 104 5.3. Measurements of faceted chevron beads 111 5.4. Distribution of color sequences by site 112 5.5. Distribution of cobalt, nickel, arsenic, and bismuth across colors in a bead from the Martin site (8LE853b) 118 5.6. Distribution of iron, copper, lead, and tin oxides across colors in same bead from the Martin site (8LE853b) 119 5.7. Distribution of iron, copper, lead, and tin oxides across colors in a bead from the Ruth Smith mound (8CI200) 120 5.8. Percentages of iron oxide with copper oxide compared to tin oxide with lead oxide in red layer of chevron beads 121 7.1. Native American towns and Spanish colonial outposts established by Juan Pardo in northern La Florida 148 7.2. The Berry site and other Burke-phase sites in the Upper Catawba Valley and along the Upper Yadkin River 148 8.1. Hernando de Soto route 163 8.2. Tristán de Luna y Arellano route 165 8.3. Baron de Crenay map with Soto and Luna y Arellano routes 179 9.1. Sixteenth-century European exploration and settlement in the southeast 208 9.2. Sixteenth-century glass beads 215 9.3. Iron chisels from the King site 216 9.4. King site Burial 92 217 9.5. Crossbow quarrel from Poarch Farm, Georgia 219 9.6. Horseshoes from the Hightower village, Alabama 220 9.7. European artifacts from Polecat Ford (1CE308), Alabama 220 9.8. Berry site knife blade 221 9.9. Sword pommel from Johnstone Farm, Georgia 222 9.10. Sickle blade from the Hightower village 226 9.11. Chain link(?) from David Davis Farm, Tennessee 231 9.12. Sword pommel(?) from David Davis Farm 232 9.13. Iron “ring” from David Davis Farm 232 9.14. Poarch Farm plate 233 9.15. Brass candlestick and pail from Pine Log Creek, Alabama 234 9.16. Silver beads from the Abercrombie site, Alabama 237 9.17. Iron artifacts from Burial 85, David Davis Farm 241 viii Figures Tables 4.1. Mortuary associations from 1EE32, 1MC1, and 1MC9 74 4.2. Complex II glass beads from Atasi (1MC9) 90 4.3. Measurements of Clarksdale bells, 1EE32 and 1MC9 91 4.4. Measurements of copper alloy disc gorgets, 1EE32 and 1MC9 92 4.5. Measurements of iron celts from 1EE32 and 1MC9 94 5.1. Oxides in studied beads compared to glass from fifteenth- through eighteenth-century Venice and sixteenth-century Europe 114 6.1. Foods purchased for the Tristán de Luna y Arellano expedition 131 6.2. Nails and tacks purchased for Luna y Arellano expedition 133 6.3. Uninventoried goods for the Luna y Arellano expedition 134 6.4. Descriptions of uninventoried goods 135 6.5. Royal order for the purchase of expedition goods 136 6.6. Trade goods for the Luna y Arellano expedition 137 6.7. Personal possessions of individuals who died during the expedition 138 6.8. Proportions of categories of ceramics from the Emanuel Point wrecks 143 8.1. Late prehistoric and protohistoric culture sequences 169 8.2. Sites of the Soto and Luna y Arellano expeditions 192 9.1. Gifts given by sixteenth-century Spanish expeditions 214 9.2. European artifacts from the Fort San Juan (Berry), Governor Martin, and Glass sites 228