Mobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks: AD HOC, Vehicular and Mesh Networks

352 Pages·2012·2.74 MB·English

by  Paolo Santi(auth.)

MOBILITY MODELS
FOR NEXT
GENERATION
WIRELESS NETWORKS
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MOBILITY MODELS
FOR NEXT
GENERATION
WIRELESS NETWORKS
AD HOC, VEHICULAR AND
MESH NETWORKS
Paolo Santi
IstitutodiInformaticaeTelematicadelCNR,Italy
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
2012JohnWiley&SonsLtd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Santi,Paolo.
Mobilitymodelsfornextgenerationwirelessnetworks:adhoc,vehicularandmeshnetworks/
PaoloSanti.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-99201-1(cloth)
1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems.I.Title.
TK5103.2.S25772012
004.6--dc23
2012002026
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:9781119992011
Typesetin10.5/13ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
To my wife Elena,
my daughters Bianca and Marta,
and our baby who is on the way
To my families
Contents
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xxiii
About the Author xxv
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxxiii
List of Abbreviations xxxv
Part I INTRODUCTION
1 Next Generation Wireless Networks 3
1.1 WLAN and Mesh Networks 5
1.2 Ad Hoc Networks 8
1.3 Vehicular Networks 10
1.4 Wireless Sensor Networks 13
1.5 Opportunistic Networks 14
References 16
2 Modeling Next Generation Wireless Networks 19
2.1 Radio Channel Models 20
2.2 The Communication Graph 26
2.3 The Energy Model 31
References 32
3 Mobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks 33
3.1 Motivation 33
3.2 Cellular vs. Next Generation Wireless Network Mobility
Models 35
3.3 A Taxonomy of Existing Mobility Models 38
viii Contents
3.3.1 Spatial Scope 39
3.3.2 Application Scenario 40
3.3.3 Nature 41
3.3.4 Correlation 41
3.3.5 Geography 42
3.3.6 Trajectory 42
3.4 Mobility Models and Real-World Traces: The CRAWDAD
Resource 43
3.5 Basic Definitions 45
References 47
Part II “GENERAL-PURPOSE” MOBILITY MODELS
4 Random Walk Models 51
4.1 Discrete Random Walks 52
4.1.1 Random Walks on Grids 53
4.1.2 Random Walks on Graphs 54
4.2 Continuous Random Walks 55
4.2.1 Brownian Motion 55
4.2.2 Le´vy flight 56
4.3 Other Random Walk Models 57
4.4 Theoretical Properties of Random Walk Models 58
4.4.1 Stationary Node Spatial Distribution 58
4.4.2 The Level-Crossing Phenomenon 59
4.4.3 Hitting Time, Return Time, and Cover Time 60
References 60
5 The Random Waypoint Model 61
5.1 The RWP Model 62
5.2 The Node Spatial Distribution of the RWP Model 64
5.3 The Average Nodal Speed of the RWP Model 69
5.4 Variants of the RWP Model 73
References 74
6 Group Mobility and Other Synthetic Mobility Models 75
6.1 The RPGM Model 76
6.1.1 RPGM with RWP Group Mobility 79
6.1.2 In-Place Mobility Model 79
6.1.3 Convention Mobility Model 80
6.1.4 RPGM and Other Group Mobility Models 82
6.2 Other Synthetic Mobility Models 83
6.2.1 The Smooth Random Mobility Model 83
Contents ix
6.2.2 Gauss–Markov Mobility Model 86
References 87
7 Random Trip Models 89
7.1 The Class of Random Trip Models 89
7.1.1 Conditions on Phase and Path 91
7.1.2 Conditions on Trip Duration 92
7.2 Stationarity of Random Trip Models 93
7.3 Examples of Random Trip Models 94
7.3.1 Random Waypoint Model 94
7.3.2 RWP Variants 96
7.3.3 Other Random Trip Mobility Models 97
References 98
Part III MOBILITY MODELS FOR WLAN AND MESH
NETWORKS
8 WLAN and Mesh Networks 101
8.1 WLAN and Mesh Networks: State of the Art 101
8.1.1 Network Architecture 102
8.1.2 The IEEE 802.11 Standard 104
8.2 WLAN and Mesh Networks: User Scenarios 107
8.2.1 Home WLAN 107
8.2.2 Campus/Corporate WLAN 107
8.2.3 Public Area Hotspots 108
8.2.4 Community Mesh Network 109
8.3 WLAN and Mesh Networks: Perspectives 109
8.4 Further Reading 111
References 111
9 Real-World WLAN Mobility 113
9.1 Real-World WLAN Traces 113
9.2 Features of WLAN Mobility 116
References 119
10 WLAN Mobility Models 121
10.1 The LH Mobility Model 122
10.1.1 Estimating the Transition and Steady-State
Probabilities 123
10.1.2 Finding Temporal Correlation in User/AP
Association Patterns 124
10.1.3 Timed Location Prediction with the LH Model 127
x Contents
10.2 The KKK Mobility Model 129
10.2.1 Extracting Physical Movement Trajectories from
WLAN Traces 129
10.2.2 Extracting Pause Time 132
10.2.3 Dealing with Stationary Sub-Traces 133
10.2.4 Finding Hotspot Locations 133
10.2.5 Mobility Modeling 135
10.3 Final Considerations and Further Reading 137
References 138
Part IV MOBILITY MODELS FOR VEHICULAR
NETWORKS
11 Vehicular Networks 141
11.1 Vehicular Networks: State of the Art 141
11.1.1 Motivation 143
11.1.2 Standardization Activities 144
11.2 Vehicular Networks: User Scenarios 146
11.2.1 Active Safety Applications 147
11.2.2 Cooperative Traffic Efficiency Applications 149
11.2.3 Cooperative Local Services 150
11.2.4 Global Internet Services 150
11.3 Vehicular Networks: Perspectives 150
11.4 Further Reading 151
References 152
12 Vehicular Networks: Macroscopic and Microscopic
Mobility Models 153
12.1 Vehicular Mobility Models: The Macroscopic View 154
12.2 Vehicular Mobility Models: The Microscopic View 156
12.3 Further Reading 157
References 158
13 Microscopic Vehicular Mobility Models 159
13.1 Simple Microscopic Mobility Models 159
13.1.1 The Graph-Based Mobility Model 159
13.1.2 The Freeway Mobility Model 160
13.1.3 The Manhattan Mobility Model 163
13.2 The SUMO Mobility Model 164
13.2.1 Building the Road Network 166
13.2.2 Building the Traffic Demand 167
Contents xi
13.2.3 Route Computation 167
13.2.4 Running the Simulation and Generating Output 168
13.3 Integrating Vehicular Mobility and Wireless Network
Simulation 168
13.3.1 The TraCI Interface for Coupled Vehicular Network
Simulation 170
References 172
Part V MOBILITY MODELS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS
14 Wireless Sensor Networks 175
14.1 Wireless Sensor Networks: State of the Art 175
14.1.1 Hardware and Software Platforms 177
14.1.2 Standardization Activities 177
14.2 Wireless Sensor Networks: User Scenarios 180
14.2.1 Environmental Monitoring 180
14.2.2 Industrial Monitoring 181
14.2.3 Health and Well-Being Monitoring 181
14.2.4 Precision Agriculture 181
14.2.5 Seismic, Structural, and Building Monitoring 182
14.2.6 Intrusion Detection 182
14.2.7 Tracking of Objects, People, and Animals 183
14.3 WSNs: Perspectives 183
14.4 Further Reading 184
References 184
15 Wireless Sensor Networks: Passive Mobility Models 185
15.1 Passive Mobility in WSNs 186
15.2 Mobility Models for Wildlife Tracking Applications 187
15.2.1 The ZebraNet Mobility Model 187
15.2.2 The Whale Mobility Model 190
15.3 Modeling Movement Caused by External Forces 191
References 194
16 Wireless Sensor Networks: Active Mobility Models 197
16.1 Active Mobility of Sensor Nodes 198
16.1.1 Active Mobility and Sensing Coverage 198
16.1.2 Motion Control for Sensing Coverage 201
16.1.3 Motion Control for Event Tracking 206