Mobile Networks Architecture

282 Pages·2012·6.017 MB·English

by  Andre Perez(auth.)

MobileNetworksArchitecture
Mobile Networks
Architecture
André Pérez
Firstpublished2012inGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesbyISTELtdandJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
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____________________________________________________________________________________
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Pérez,André.
Networkarchitectureformobiles/AndréPérez.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-84821-333-3
1. Mobilecommunicationsystems--Standards.2. Cellphonesystems--Standards.3. Computernetwork
architectures. I.Title.
TK5103.2.P4472012
621.3845'6--dc23
2011045484
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ACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:978-1-84821-333-3
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Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Chapter1.TheGSMNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.Thearchitectureofthenetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1.Networkcomponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2.Themobile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3.Theradiosub-system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.4.Thenetworksub-system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.Theradiointerface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.1.Thetransmissionchain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.2.Sourcecoding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.3.Channelcoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.4.Time-divisionmultiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.5.Modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.3.6.Thefrequencyplan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.4.Communicationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.4.1.EstablishmentoftheSDCCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.4.2.Securitymanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.4.3.Locationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.4.4.Callmanagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.4.5.Handovermanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter2.TheGPRSNetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.1.Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2.Networkarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.1.Networkcomponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.2.Protocolarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
vi MobileNetworksArchitecture
2.2.3.Logicalidentifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.2.4.Mobilitycontext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2.5.TheWAPgateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.2.6.Roamingbetweenoperators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3.Radiointerface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.1.Thetransmissionchain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.2.The MS–BSSinterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.3.3.TheMS−SGSNinterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4.Communicationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.4.1.Roamingmanagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.4.2.Sessionmanagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.4.3.Trafficestablishment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.4.4.Locationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.5.TheEDGEevolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.5.1.TheimpactontheGSM/GPRSnetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.5.2.Modificationofthephysicallayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.5.3.ModificationoftheRLC/MAClayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.5.4.Linkcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chapter3.TheUMTSNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1.Theservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.2.Thearchitectureofthenetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.2.1.Networkcomponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.2.2.Protocolarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2.3.Thefemtocell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.3.Radiointerface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.1.TheRRCprotocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.2.RLCprotocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.3.MACprotocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.3.4.Physicallayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.5.Thespreadspectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.3.6.Modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.3.7.Thefrequencyplan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.3.8.Powercontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.3.9.TheRAKEreceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.4.Communicationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.4.1.TheestablishmentofaconnectionfortheNAS. . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.4.2.Paging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.4.3.EstablishmentoftheRAB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.4.4.Softhandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.4.5.Relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.4.6.Inter-systemhandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
TableofContents vii
3.5.HSPAevolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.5.1.TheHSDPAevolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.5.2.HSUPAevolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.5.3.TheHSPA+evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Chapter4.TheNGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.1.Networkarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.1.1.Networkcomponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.1.2.Protocolarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.2.Communicationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.2.1.Communicationestablishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.2.2.Communicationrelease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.2.3.Thehandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Chapter5.TheEPSNetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.1.Networkarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.1.1.Networkcomponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.1.2.Protocolarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.2.Theradiointerface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.2.1.Antennasystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5.2.2.Accessmode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.2.3.Framestructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.2.4.Thesignalsandphysicalchannels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.3.Communicationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.3.1.Theattachmentprocedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.3.2.Locationupdating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
5.3.3.Theestablishmentofasession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5.3.4.Mobilityprocedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Chapter6.TheIMSNetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.1.TheSIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.1.1.TheSIPentities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.1.2.TheSIPIdentity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.1.3.Theprocedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.2.TheIMSarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.2.1.Controlofsessions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.2.2.TheApplicationServers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.2.3.Thedatabases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.2.4.Theinterconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.2.5.Multimediaflowprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.2.6.Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
viii MobileNetworksArchitecture
6.3.Communicationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3.1.Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3.2.Thesession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
ListofAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Preface
This work explains the evolutions of architecture for mobiles and summarizes
thedifferenttechnologies:
–2G:theGSM(GlobalSystemforMobile)network,theGPRS(GeneralPacket
Radio Service) network and the EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution)
evolution;
–3G: the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) network and
theHSPA(HighSpeedPacketAccess)evolutions:
-HSDPA(HighSpeedDownlinkPacketAccess);
-HSUPA(HighSpeedUplinkPacketAccess);
-HSPA+;
–4G:theEPS(EvolvedPacketSystem)network.
The telephone service and data transmission are the two main services provided
by these networks. The evolutions are fundamentally dictated by the increase in the
rate of data transmission across the radio interface between the network and
mobiles.
Theservicesareimplementedaccordingtotwomodes:
–theCS(CircuitService)mode.Thismode ischaracterizedbytheallocationof
aresourcededicatedtoaflow.Thismodeprovidesbothtypesofservice;
–thePS(PacketService)mode.Thismodeischaracterizedbytheallocationofa
resourcesharedbyseveralflows.Thismodeissolelyusedfordatatransmission.
x MobileNetworksArchitecture
Network GSM GPRS EDGE
2G Mode CS PS PS(1)
Rate 14.4kbps 171.2kbps 473.6kbps(3)
Network UMTS HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+
Mode CSandPS PS PS PS
3G
64kbps(2) 43.2Mbps(4)
Rate 14.4Mbps(4) 5.76Mbps(5)
384kbps(3) 11.5Mbps(5)
Network EPS
Mode PS
4G
302Mbps(4)
Rate
75Mbps(5)
(1)TheCSmodeisrarelyused
(2)RatefortheCSmode
(3)RateforthePSmode
(4)Downlinkrate
(5)Uplinkrate
Table1.Mobilenetworks–rates
Thenetworkarchitectureformobilesrevealstwosubsystems:
–the AN (Access Network). This sub-system can be used to allocate the radio
resourcetothemobile,sothatitcaneitherbededicatedorshared.Itissignificantly
affectedbysuccessiveevolutions;
–the CN (Core Network). This sub-system connects the access networks and
third-partynetworks:
-thePSTN(PublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork);
-thePDN(PacketDataNetwork);
-thePLMN(PublicLandMobileNetwork).
The same sub-system is used for the 2G and 3G core networks and consists of
twoentities:
–theNSS(NetworkSub-System)entityprovidesservicesinCSmode;
–theGSS(GPRSSub-System)entityprovidesservicesinPSmode.
Preface xi
The 2G and 3G mobile networks mainly differentiate by the type of access
networkdeployed:
–theBSS(BaseStationSub-system)entityfor2Gnetworks;
–theUTRAN(UMTSTRAnsportNetwork)entityfor3Gnetworks.
The4Gmobilenetworkconsistsoftwoentities:
–theaccessnetworkE-UTRAN(EvolvedUTRAN);
–the EPC (Evolved Packet Core) network. It functions in PS mode and solely
providesthedatatransmissionservice.
Network GSM GPRS EDGE
CN NSS GSS GSS
2G
BSS BSS
AN BSS
(evolution) (evolution)
Network UMTS HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+
CN NSSandGSS GSS GSS GSS
3G
UTRAN UTRAN UTRAN
AN UTRAN
(evolution) (evolution) (evolution)
Network EPS
4G CN EPC
AN E-UTRAN
Table2.Mobilenetworks–architecture
The NSS entity has evolved into an NGN (Next Generation Network)
architecture that is used to separate the functions of telephone traffic transport and
signaling processing. Interconnection of the NSS entity machines is ensured by an
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) transmission network. That of the NGN
equipment is implemented by an IP (Internet Protocol) network identical to that
deployedfortheGSSnetwork.
The 4G network ensures that telephone traffic transport is treated as a source of
data. The signaling processing thatadministersthetelephoneserviceisprovided by
the IMS (IP Multimedia Sub-system), which is an entity external to the mobile
network.ThisIMSentityisindependentofthenetworkinvolvedindatatransport.It
canalsobeassociatedwiththeUMTSnetworkfunctioninginPSmode.