Mobile Networks

183 Pages·2012·11.781 MB·English

by  J. Ortiz

MOBILE NETWORKS

Edited by Jesús Hamilton Ortiz
Mobile Networks
Edited by Jesús Hamilton Ortiz

Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published April, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Mobile Networks, Edited by Jesús Hamilton Ortiz
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0593-0

Contents

Preface VII
Chapter 1 Mechamisms to Provide Quality of
Service on 4G New Generation Networks 1
Jesús Hamilton Ortiz, Bazil Taja Ahmed,
David Santibáñez and Alejandro Ortiz
Chapter 2 A QoS Guaranteed Energy-Efficient
Scheduling for IEEE 802.16e 33
Wen-Hwa Liao and Wen-Ming Yen
Chapter 3 A Fast Handover Scheme for
WiBro and cdma2000 Networks 55
Choongyong Shin, Seokhoon Kim and Jinsung Cho
Chapter 4 Design and Analysis of IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 67
Wagdy Anis Aziz and Dorgham Sisalem
Chapter 5 Dynamic Spectrum Access in
Cognitive Radio: An MDP Approach 95
Juan J. Alcaraz, Mario Torrecillas-Rodríguez,
Luis Pastor-González and Javier Vales-Alonso
Chapter 6 Call Admission Control in Cellular Networks 111
Manfred Schneps-Schneppe and Villy Bæk Iversen
Chapter 7 Femtocell Performance Over
Non-SLA xDSL Access Network 137
H. Hariyanto, R. Wulansari, Adit Kurniawan and Hendrawan
Chapter 8 Sum-of-Sinusoids-Based Fading
Channel Models with Rician K-Factor and
Vehicle Speed Ratio in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 157
Yuhao Wang and Xing Xing

Preface

The growth in the use of mobile networks has come mainly with the third generation
systems and voice traffic. With the current third generation and the arrival of the 4G, the
number of mobile users in the world will exceed the number of landlines users. Audio
and video streaming have had a significant increase, parallel to the requirements of
bandwidth and quality of service demanded by those applications. Mobile networks
require that the applications and protocols that have worked successfully in fixed
networks can be used with the same level of quality in mobile scenarios.
One of the main differences between fixed and mobile networks lies in the dynamic
nature of the latter. The constant movement of mobile devices has a clear impact in the
quality of service that can be achieved (delay or loss of packets during a handover
from one cell to another). The migration of mechanisms initially meant for fixed
networks to mobile networks may cause problems related to topology and mobility
factors. Other difficulties may appear when we want to move mechanisms designed
for infrastructure and wired networks to ad-hoc or mobile networks in general. These
are some of the drawbacks:
Problems related to topology:
One of the great remaining difficulties from the first generation to the fourth
generation of mobile devices occurs when there is a handover, either from one cell to
another or from one access network to another. This circumstance clearly affects the
quality of service in diverse ways: delay of packet transfers, increase of the jitter of
audio and video streaming or even damage or loss of packets. There are different
types of handovers that produces diverse signalling loads in the access network. A
handover involves a route variation in order to reach the mobile terminal. To provide
a good level of QoS in mobile environments, a minimal handover delay is always
welcome to ensure the smallest traffic interruption during a transfer.
Problems related to mobility: macromobility and micromobility.
 Macromobility: Mobile terminal activity between different access networks or
domains (inter-domain).
 Micromobility: Mobile terminal activity inside one access network only (intra-
domain).
VIII Preface

Although the two types of handovers occur under both circumstances, intra-domain
handovers will be a priority due to their higher frequency of signalling load and
packet transfers. One of the greatest difficulties in reducing the mobility impact in the
terminals when there is a handover is that the protocols or mechanisms to provide
quality of service are designed and limited to a certain kind of fixed or mobile
networks or at macromobility level. Using these existing mechanisms of QoS involves
adapting the dynamic characteristics of the mobile devices. There are cases such as ad-
hoc networks that have special mobility specifications, making migration a complex
challenge.
Until the third generation of mobile networks, the need to ensure reliable handovers
was still an important issue. On the eve of a new generation of access networks (4G)
and increased connectivity between networks of different characteristics commonly
called hybrid (satellite, ad-hoc, sensors, wired, WIMAX, LAN, etc.), it is necessary to
transfer mechanisms of mobility to future generations of networks. In order to achieve
this, it is essential to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of
current protocols and the diverse topologies to suit the new mobility conditions.

Dr Jesús Hamilton Ortiz
School of Computer Engineering,
University of Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real
Spain

1
Mechamisms to Provide Quality of
Service on 4G New Generation Networks
Jesús Hamilton Ortiz, Bazil Taja Ahmed,
David Santibáñez and Alejandro Ortiz
University of Castilla y la Mancha
Spain
1. Introduction
1.1 New generation nerworks (4G)
Currently, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project forum (3GPP) is working to complete the
standard that aims to ensure the competitiveness of UMTS in the future. As a result of this
work, in 2004 the Long Term Evolution project (LTE) arises, which is expected to become the
4G standard. We can find the requirements for 4G standardization in recent works like
“Release 10” and “Advanced LTE”.
On the other hand, the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is a project that seeks to define
a new core component of the all-IP network called Evolved Packet Core (EPC). We can
consider IPv6/MPLS as part of the development of the LTE standard included in the all-IP
concept to meet some requirements of LTE, such as end-to-end quality of service (MPLS,
Diffserv, IntServ). SAE allows interoperability with existing technologies in both the core
and access networks.
The figure 1 shows the relation between 2G, 3G & LTE technologies and the packet core that
is intended to evolve with SAE.
Due to the increasing demand of QoS by users, it is necessary to adopt mechanisms to
ensure the requirements of LTE/SAE. As is well known, an all-IP network provides the so-
called Best Effort quality of service. For this reason, in order to provide QoS to the LTE/SAE
network's core and to the access networks, we propose the implementation of IPv6
(extensions/MPLS into the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
1.2 Requirements of LTE/SAE
Some of the most important requirements of LTE/SAE are:
 Low cost per bit.
 Increase of the services provided: more services at lower cost to improve the user’s
experience.
 Flexible use of existing and new frequency bands.
 Simplified architecture.