Mobile Communications (2nd Edition)

513 Pages·2003·18.19 MB·English

by  Jochen Schiller

JOCHEN SCHILLER

JOCHEN SCHILLER

SCHILLER

Second Edition

Second Edition

Second
Edition

The mobile communications market remains the fastest growing segment of the global computing and
communications business.The rapid progress and convergence of the field has created a need for new
techniques and solutions, knowledgeable professionals to create and implement them, and courses to teach the
background theory and technologies while pointing the way towards future trends.

In this book Jochen Schiller draws on his extensive experience to provide a thorough grounding in mobile
communications, describing the state of the art in industry and research while giving a detailed technical
background to the area.The book covers all the important aspects of mobile and wireless communications
from the Internet to signals, access protocols and cellular systems, emphasizing the key area of digital data
transfer. It uses a wide range of examples and other teaching aids, making it suitable for self-study and
university classes.

The book begins with an overview of mobile and wireless applications, covering the history and market, and
providing the foundations of wireless transmission and Medium Access Control. Four different groups of
wireless network technologies are then covered: telecommunications systems, satellite systems, broadcast
systems and wireless LAN.The following chapters about the network and transport layers address the
impairments and solutions using well-known Internet protocols such as TCP/IP in a mobile and wireless
environment.The book concludes with a chapter on technologies supporting applications in mobile networks,
focusing on the Web and the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). Each chapter concludes with a set of
exercises for self-study (with solutions available to instructors) and references to standards, organizations and
research work related to the topic.

New to this edition
➤ Integration of higher data rates for GSM (HSCSD, GPRS)
➤ New material on 3rd generation (3G) systems with in-depth discussion of UMTS/W-CDMA
➤ Addition of the new WLAN standards for higher data rates: 802.11a, b, g and HiperLAN2
➤ Extension of Bluetooth coverage to include IEEE 802.15, profiles and applications
➤ Increased coverage of ad-hoc networking and wireless profiled TCP
➤ Migration of WAP 1.x and i-mode towards WAP 2.0

Jochen Schiller is head of the Computer Systems and Telematics Working Group in the Institute of Computer
Science, Freie Universität Berlin, and a consultant to several companies in the networking and communications
business. His research includes mobile and wireless communications, communication architectures and
operating systems for embedded devices, and QoS aspects of communication systems.

Cover image © Photonica

ADDISON-WESLEY
A Pearson Education book

ADDISON
WESLEY
www.pearson-books.com

Schiller_ppr 9/19/07 3:38 PM Page 1

Mobile
Communications

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Jochen H. Schiller

Mobile
Communications

Second Edition

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PEARSON EDUCATION LIMITED
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow CM20 2JE
Tel:[phone]
Fax:[phone]

Website: www.pearsoned.co.uk

First Published in Great Britain 2000
Second edition 2003
© Pearson Education Limited 2003

ISBN 0 321 12381 6

The right of Jochen Schiller to be identified as author of
this work has been asserted by him in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
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written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying
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The programs in this book have been included for their instructional value.
The publisher does not offer any warranties or representations in respect of their
fitness for a particular purpose, nor does the publisher accept any liability for any
loss or damage (other than for personal injury or death) arising from their use.

All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any
trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights
in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or
endorsement of this book by such owners.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
08 07 06 05 04

Text design by barker/hilsdon @ compuserve.com
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The publishers’ policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.

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To my students and Cora

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1

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Contents

About the author
xiv
Preface
xv
Acknowledgements
xix

1
Introduction
1

1.1
Applications
3
1.1.1
Vehicles 3
1.1.2
Emergencies 4
1.1.3
Business 4
1.1.4
Replacement of wired networks 5
1.1.5
Infotainment and more 5
1.1.6
Location dependent services 6
1.1.7
Mobile and wireless devices 7
1.2
A short history of wireless communication
9
1.3
A market for mobile communications
15
1.4
Some open research topics
16
1.5
A simplified reference model
18
1.6
Overview
20
1.7
Review exercises
23
1.8
References
23

2
Wireless transmission
25

2.1
Frequencies for radio transmission
26
2.1.1
Regulations 27
2.2
Signals
31
2.3
Antennas
32
2.4
Signal propagation
35
2.4.1
Path loss of radio signals 36
2.4.2
Additional signal propagation effects 37
2.4.3
Multi-path propagation 39

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2.5
Multiplexing
41
2.5.1
Space division multiplexing 41
2.5.2
Frequency division multiplexing 43
2.5.3
Time division multiplexing 44
2.5.4
Code division multiplexing 45
2.6
Modulation
46
2.6.1
Amplitude shift keying 48
2.6.2
Frequency shift keying 49
2.6.3
Phase shift keying 49
2.6.4
Advanced frequency shift keying 50
2.6.5
Advanced phase shift keying 51
2.6.6
Multi-carrier modulation 53
2.7
Spread spectrum
54
2.7.1
Direct sequence spread spectrum 56
2.7.2
Frequency hopping spread spectrum 59
2.8
Cellular systems
61
2.9
Summary
64
2.10
Review exercises
65
2.11
References
66

3
Medium access control
69

3.1
Motivation for a specialized MAC
70
3.1.1
Hidden and exposed terminals 70
3.1.2
Near and far terminals 71
3.2
SDMA
72
3.3
FDMA
72
3.4
TDMA
73
3.4.1
Fixed TDM 74
3.4.2
Classical Aloha 75
3.4.3
Slotted Aloha 76
3.4.4
Carrier sense multiple access 76
3.4.5
Demand assigned multiple access 77
3.4.6
PRMA packet reservation multiple access 78
3.4.7
Reservation TDMA 79
3.4.8
Multiple access with collision avoidance 79
3.4.9
Polling 82
3.4.10
Inhibit sense multiple access 82
3.5
CDMA
82
3.5.1
Spread Aloha multiple access 87

Mobile communications
viii

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3.6
Comparison of S/T/F/CDMA
89
3.7
Review exercises
91
3.8
References
92

4
Telecommunications systems
93

4.1
GSM
96
4.1.1
Mobile services 98
4.1.2
System architecture 100
4.1.3
Radio interface 105
4.1.4
Protocols 110
4.1.5
Localization and calling 113
4.1.6
Handover 117
4.1.7
Security 120
4.1.8
New data services 122
4.2
DECT
130
4.2.1
System architecture 131
4.2.2
Protocol architecture 132
4.3
TETRA
134
4.4
UMTS and IMT-2000
136
4.4.1 UMTS releases and standardization 141
4.4.2 UMTS system architecture 142
4.4.3 UMTS radio interface 143
4.4.4 UTRAN 149
4.4.5 Core network 151
4.4.6 Handover 154
4.5
Summary
156
4.6
Review exercises
158
4.7
References
160

5
Satellite systems
165

5.1
History
165
5.2
Applications
166
5.3
Basics
169
5.3.1
GEO 173
5.3.2
LEO 174
5.3.3
MEO 175

Contents
ix

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5.4
Routing
175
5.5
Localization
176
5.6
Handover
176
5.7
Examples
177
5.8
Summary
179
5.9
Review exercises
180
5.10
References
181

6
Broadcast systems
183

6.1
Overview
183
6.2
Cyclical repetition of data
185
6.3
Digital audio broadcasting
186
6.3.1
Multi-media object transfer protocol 190
6.4
Digital video broadcasting
191
6.4.1
DVB data broadcasting 193
6.4.2
DVB for high-speed internet access 194
6.5
Convergence of broadcasting and mobile communications
195
6.6
Summary
196
6.7
Review exercises
198
6.8
References
198

7
Wireless LAN
201

7.1
Infra red vs radio transmission
204
7.2
Infrastructure and ad-hoc network
205
7.3
IEEE 802.11
207
7.3.1
System architecture 208
7.3.2
Protocol architecture 210
7.3.3
Physical layer 211
7.3.4
Medium access control layer 214
7.3.5
MAC management 225
7.3.6
802.11b 231
7.3.7
802.11a 234
7.3.8
Newer developments 238
7.4
HIPERLAN
239
7.4.1
Historical: HIPERLAN 1 240
7.4.2
WATM 244
7.4.3
BRAN 255
7.4.4
HiperLAN2 257
7.5
Bluetooth
269
7.5.1
User scenarios 270
7.5.2
Architecture 271

Mobile communications
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7.5.3
Radio layer 276
7.5.4
Baseband layer 276
7.5.5
Link manager protocol 282
7.5.6
L2CAP 285
7.5.7
Security 287
7.5.8
SDP 289
7.5.9
Profiles 290
7.5.10
IEEE 802.15 291
7.6
Summary
293
7.7
Review exercises
297
7.8
References
298

8
Mobile network layer
303

8.1
Mobile IP
304
8.1.1
Goals, assumptions and requirements 304
8.1.2
Entities and terminology 307
8.1.3
IP packet delivery 309
8.1.4
Agent discovery 310
8.1.5
Registration 312
8.1.6
Tunneling and encapsulation 315
8.1.7
Optimizations 319
8.1.8
Reverse tunneling 321
8.1.9
IPv6 323
8.1.10
IP micro-mobility support 324
8.2
Dynamic host configuration protocol
328
8.3
Mobile ad-hoc networks
330
8.3.1
Routing 332
8.3.2
Destination sequence distance vector 335
8.3.3
Dynamic source routing 336
8.3.4
Alternative metrics 339
8.3.5
Overview ad-hoc routing protocols 340
8.4
Summary
343
8.5
Review exercises
345
8.6
References
346

9
Mobile transport layer
351

9.1
Traditional TCP
352
9.1.1
Congestion control 352
9.1.2
Slow start 352

Contents
xi

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9.1.3
Fast retransmit/fast recovery 353
9.1.4
Implications of mobility 354
9.2
Classical TCP improvements
355
9.2.1
Indirect TCP 355
9.2.2
Snooping TCP 358
9.2.3
Mobile TCP 360
9.2.4
Fast retransmit/fast recovery 362
9.2.5
Transmission/time-out freezing 363
9.2.6
Selective retransmission 363
9.2.7
Transaction-oriented TCP 364
9.3
TCP over 2.5/3G wireless networks
366
9.4
Performance enhancing proxies
368
9.5
Summary
369
9.6
Review exercises
371
9.7
References
372

10
Support for mobility
375

10.1
File systems
376
10.1.1
Consistency 377
10.1.2
Coda 378
10.1.3
Little work 380
10.1.4
Ficus 380
10.1.5
Mlo-NFS 381
10.1.6
Rover 381
10.2
World wide web
381
10.2.1
Hypertext transfer protocol 382
10.2.2
Hypertext markup language 385
10.2.3
Some approaches that might help wireless access 386
10.2.4
System architecture 389
10.3
Wireless application protocol (version 1.x)
392
10.3.1
Architecture 393
10.3.2
Wireless datagram protocol 396
10.3.3
Wireless transport layer security 397
10.3.4
Wireless transaction protocol 400
10.3.5
Wireless session protocol 404
10.3.6
Wireless application environment 412
10.3.7
Wireless markup language 414
10.3.8
WMLScript 416

Mobile communications
xii

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10.3.9
Wireless telephony application 419
10.3.10 Push architecture 426
10.3.11 Push/pull services 428
10.3.12 Example stacks with WAP 1.x 429
10.4
i-mode
430
10.5
SyncML
433
10.6
WAP 2.0
434
10.7
Summary
437
10.8
Review exercises
440
10.9
References
441

11
Outlook
449

11.1
The architecture of future networks
449
11.2
References
453

Appendix 1– Acronyms
455
Appendix 2 – Glossary
471
Index
477

Contents
xiii

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About the author

Jochen Schiller is head of the working group Computer Systems & Telematics at
the Institute of Computer Science, FU Berlin, Germany. He received his MS and
PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, in
1993 and 1996, respectively. As a postdoc he joined Uppsala University, Sweden,
and worked in several industry co-operations and European projects. Since April
2001 he has been a full professor at FU Berlin. The focus of his research is on
mobile and wireless communications, communication architectures and operat-
ing systems for embedded devices, and quality of service aspects in
communication systems. He is a member of IEEE and GI and acts as consultant
for several companies in the networking and communication business.

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