Miniaturized Analytical Devices: Materials and Technology

319 Pages·2021·6.78 MB·English

by  Suresh Kumar Kailasa (editor), Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain (editor)

MiniaturizedAnalyticalDevices

Miniaturized Analytical Devices
Materials and Technology
Edited by Suresh Kumar Kailasa and Chaudhery Mustansar
Hussain
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v
Contents
Section1 MiniaturizedDevicesinAnalyticaland
BioanalyticalSciences 1
1 MiniaturizedCapillaryElectrophoresisfortheSeparationand
IdentificationofBiomolecules 3
SureshK.Kailasa,VaibhavkumarN.Mehta,andJigneshkumarV.Rohit
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 BriefSummaryofMCE 4
1.2.1 FabricationofMicrofluidicChips 4
1.2.2 DesigningMicrofluidicChannels 5
1.2.3 ElectrophoreticSeparation 6
1.2.4 Detectors 6
1.2.4.1 CapabilityofMicrochipElectrophoresisfortheSeparation
andIdentificationofBiomolecules 7
1.2.4.2 DetectionofCancerBiomarkers 8
1.2.4.3 AssaysofImmuneDisordersandMicrobialDiseasesbyMCE 10
1.2.4.4 AssaysofBiomarkersbyMCE 11
1.3 Summary 14
Acknowledgments 14
References 14
2 PortableNanomaterialsImpregnatedPaper-BasedSensorsfor
DetectionofChemicalSubstances 21
KhemchandDewanganandKamleshShrivas
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 GeneralAspectsofNanomaterials 22
2.3 SynthesisofNanomaterials 22
2.3.1 Solvothermal/HydrothermalTechnique 23
2.3.2 ReductionofMetalSalts 25
2.3.3 MicroemulsionTechniques 25
2.3.4 Sol–Gel 25
2.3.5 PolyolProcesses 25
vi Contents
2.3.6 Coprecipitation 26
2.3.7 ThermalDecompositionofMetal–OrganicComplex 26
2.3.8 Temperature-ProgrammedReactioninthePresenceofNH Gas 26
3
2.3.9 UreaasNitrogenSource 27
2.4 CharacterizationofNanomaterials 27
2.5 PaperSubstrateandFunctionalMaterials 29
2.5.1 UniquenessofPaperSubstrate 29
2.5.2 FunctionalMaterialsandFabricationMethods 29
2.6 DifferentTypesofDetectionMethods 30
2.6.1 Colorimetric 31
2.6.2 Electrochemical 32
2.6.3 Fluorescence 32
2.6.4 Surface-EnhancedRamanScattering(SERS) 33
2.7 ApplicationsofNanomaterial-BasedPaperSensors 33
2.7.1 EnvironmentalAspects 33
2.7.2 ClinicalAspects 35
2.7.3 FoodSafetyAspects 36
2.8 ConclusionandFutureProspects 36
References 37
3 MiniaturizedAnalyticalTechnologyinAgriculture 49
VaibhavkumarN.Mehta,VimalkumarS.Prajapati,andJigneshkumarV.Rohit
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 MiniaturizedAnalyticalTechniquesfortheFungalDetectionin
Plants 51
3.3 MiniaturizedAnalyticalTechniquesfortheVirusDetectionin
Plants 53
3.4 MiniaturizedAnalyticalTechniquesfortheBacterialDetectionin
Plants 61
3.5 ConclusionandFuturePerspectives 65
References 66
4 SolventExtractionCoupledwithGasChromatographyforthe
AnalysisofPolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbonsinRiverine
SedimentandSurfaceWaterofSubarnarekhaRiverandIts
Tributary,India 71
BalramAmbade,ShrikantaS.Sethi,AmitKumar,andTapanK.Sankar
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 MaterialsandMethods 72
4.2.1 DescriptionofStudyArea 72
4.2.2 SamplingandPretreatment 72
4.2.3 ExtractionandCleanupofPAHsfromSamples 74
4.2.4 Analysis 74
4.2.5 QualityAssurance 74
4.3 ResultsandDiscussion 75
Contents vii
4.3.1 PAHConcentrationinWater 75
4.3.1.1 PAHsConcentrationinSubarnarekhaRiverineSediment 76
4.3.1.2 PAHConcentrationinKharkaiRiverineSediment 77
4.3.2 PAHComposition 78
4.3.3 AnalysisforSourcesofPAHs 79
4.3.3.1 DiagnosticRatio 79
4.3.3.2 PrincipalComponentAnalysis 82
4.3.3.3 PotentialEcosystemRiskAssessment 83
4.4 Conclusions 85
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
5 Laboratory-on-a-Chip:AMultitaskingDevice 91
MansiMehta,BhikhuMore,TanviTamakuwala,andGauravShah
5.1 Introduction 91
5.1.1 LOCinMultiplexingMicrofabricatedDevices 91
5.1.2 LOCinIntegration 92
5.2 History 92
5.3 LOCManufacturingTechnologies 92
5.3.1 PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane) 93
5.3.2 Thermopolymers 93
5.3.3 Glass 93
5.3.4 Silicon 93
5.3.5 Paper 93
5.4 AdvantagesofLOCComparedtoConventionalTechnologies 94
5.4.1 LowCost 94
5.4.2 EasyUse 94
5.4.3 ReductionofHumanError 94
5.4.4 LessSampleRequirement 94
5.4.5 HighParallelization 94
5.4.6 FastResponse 94
5.4.7 ProcessControlandSensitivity 95
5.4.8 CostEffective 95
5.5 LimitationsofLOCComparedtoConventionalTechnologies 95
5.5.1 Industrialization 95
5.5.2 Signal/NoiseRatio 95
5.5.3 AdditionalRequirementsforEfficientWork 95
5.5.4 Ethics 95
5.6 ApplicationsofLOCinDifferentFields 95
5.6.1 LOCinGenomics 95
5.6.2 LOCinPost-GenomeEra 96
5.6.3 LOCinImmunologicalAssay 96
5.6.4 Organ-on-a-Chip 98
5.6.5 LOCinFoodSafety 98
5.6.6 LOCinEnvironmentalMonitoring 99
viii Contents
5.6.7 LOCinCancerDiagnosis 99
5.6.8 LOCinCOVID-19Detection 100
5.7 PresentChallenges 101
5.8 ConclusionandFuturePerspectives 102
References 102
6 MicroscopicToolsforCellImaging 105
ParveenParasarandVivekK.Singh
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Microscopy–HistoryandDevelopment 106
6.2.1 Live-cellImagingMicroscopy 107
6.2.2 FluorescentMicroscopy 107
6.2.2.1 Principle 107
6.2.2.2 Photobleaching 107
6.2.2.3 FluorescenceMicroscopyandDynamicsofCellularProcesses 108
6.2.2.4 ConfocalMicroscopyofLivingCells:GeneralApproach 109
6.2.2.5 MinimizingPhotodynamicDamage 109
6.2.2.6 ImprovingPhotonEfficiency 110
6.2.2.7 UseofAntioxidants 110
6.2.3 FluorescenceImagingModalities 110
6.2.3.1 LightSheetFluorescenceMicroscopy(LSFM) 110
6.2.4 Phase-contrastMicroscopy 111
6.2.4.1 Principle 111
6.2.5 QuantitativePhase-contrastMicroscopy 112
6.2.5.1 Principle 112
6.2.6 Holotomography(HT)orOpticalDiffractionTomography 113
6.2.6.1 Principle 113
6.3 OtherConsiderations 114
6.3.1 OilImmersionandWaterImmersionLenses 114
6.3.2 DryLenses 114
6.3.3 PhotodamageofCells 114
6.3.4 SpecimenEnvironment 115
6.3.5 ImproveS/NRatio 115
6.4 Conclusions 115
References 116
Section2 FunctionalizedNanomaterialforMiniaturized
Devices 121
7 IonicLiquid–AssistedSingle-DropMicroextraction:
AMiniaturizedSamplePreparationToolforVarious
Analytes 123
JanardhanR.KoduruandLakshmiP.Lingamdinne
7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 IonicLiquids 124