Millimetre Wave Antennas for Gigabit Wireless Communications: A Practical Guide to Design and Analysis in a System Context

280 Pages·2012·14.76 MB·English

by  Kao?Cheng Huang

Millimetre Wave Antennas

for Gigabit Wireless

Communications

Millimetre Wave Antennas for Gigabit Wireless Communications: A Practical Guide to Design and Analysis in a System Context
Kao-Cheng Huang and David J. Edwards
© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-51598-3
Millimetre Wave

Antennas for

Gigabit Wireless

Communications

A Practical Guide to Design and

Analysis in a System Context

Kao-ChengHuang

UniversityofGreenwich,UK

DavidJ.Edwards

UniversityofOxford,UK

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2008
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Huang,Kao-Cheng.
Millimetrewaveantennasforgigabitwirelesscommunications:apracticalguide
todesignandanalysisinasystemcontext/Kao-ChengHuang,DavidJ.Edwards.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-51598-3(cloth)
1. Microwaveantennas. 2. Gigabitcommunications. 3. Milimeterwaves.
I. Edwards,DavidJ. II. Title.
TK7871.67.M53H832008
621.382(cid:2)4—dc22
2008013165
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-470-51598-3(HB)
Setin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India
PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd,Singapore.
Contents

Preface ix

ListofAbbreviations xi

1 GigabitWirelessCommunications 1

1.1 GigabitWirelessCommunications 1
1.2 RegulatoryIssues 7
1.2.1 Europe 7
1.2.2 UnitedStates 8
1.2.3 Japan 9
1.2.4 IndustrialStandardisation 9
1.3 MillimetreWaveCharacterisations 12
1.3.1 FreeSpacePropagation 13

1.3.2 MillimetreWavePropagationLossFactors 13

1.3.3 AtmosphericLosses 14

1.4 ChannelPerformance 14

1.5 SystemDesignandPerformance 22

1.5.1 AntennaArrays 22
1.5.2 TransceiverArchitecture 23
1.6 AntennaRequirements 26
1.7 LinkBudget 30
1.8 Summary 34
References 34

2 CriticalAntennaParameters 37

2.1 PathLossandAntennaDirectivity 38

2.2 AntennaBeamwidth 45

2.3 MaximumPossibleGain-to-Q 46

2.4 AntennaPolarisation 50

2.4.1 PolarisationDiversity 56
References 58

3 PlanarAntennas 61
3.1 PrintedAntennas 61
3.2 SlotAntennas 72
3.2.1 StandardSlotAntenna 72
3.2.2 TaperedSlotAntennas 73
vi CONTENTS
3.3 Quasi-YagiAntennas 75
3.4 Bow-TieAntennas 76
3.5 ReflectorAntennas 78
3.6 MillimetreWaveDesignConsiderations 84
3.7 ProductionandManufacture 85
3.7.1 FineLinePrinting 85
3.7.2 ThickFilm 86
3.7.3 ThinFilm 86
3.7.4 System-on-Chip 87
References 87
4 HornAntennas 91
4.1 WaveguideModes 91
4.2 MultimodeHornAntennas 94
4.3 IntegratedHorn 98
4.4 ConicalHornsandCircularPolarisation 102
4.5 TiltHorn 110
4.6 DielectricSectoralHorn 111
References 112
5 DielectricAntennas 115
5.1 DielectricResonatorAntennas 115
5.2 DielectricRodAntennas 121
5.3 MaximumGainRodAntennas 126
5.4 TheDualRodAntenna 127
5.5 Patch-FedCircularRodAntennas 130
5.6 RodArraysandPhaseCompensation 136
5.7 OptimisationofaRodAntenna 139
References 141
6 LensAntennas 145
6.1 LunebergLens 146
6.2 HemisphericalLens 149
6.3 ExtendedHemisphericalLens 151
6.4 Off-AxisExtendedHemisphericalLens 157
6.5 PlanarLensArray 161
6.6 MetalPlateLensAntennas 164
References 166
7 MultipleAntennas 171
7.1 The60GHzMultibeamAntenna 171
7.2 AntennaArrays 176
7.3 MillimetreWaveArrays 180
7.3.1 PrintedArrays 180
7.3.2 WaveguideArrays 182
7.3.3 Leaky-WaveArrays 184
7.4 MutualCouplingbetweenAntennas 186
References 194
CONTENTS vii
8 SmartAntennas 197

8.1 Beam-SwitchingAntennas 199

8.2 Beam-Steering/FormingAntennas 205

8.2.1 ElectronicBeamforming 206

8.3 MillimetreWaveMIMO 212

8.3.1 BeamformingLayer 215

8.3.2 SpatialMultiplexingLayer 217
8.4 Mode-TrackingAntennas 218
References 224

9 AdvancedAntennaMaterials 227
9.1 Low-TemperatureCo-firedCeramics 228
9.2 LiquidCrystalPolymer 233
9.3 CMOS 238
9.4 MetaMaterials 241
9.5 High-TemperatureSuperconductingAntenna 245

9.6 NanoAntennas 249

References 249

10 High-SpeedWirelessApplications 255

10.1 V-BandAntennaApplications 255

10.1.1 WirelessPersonalAreaNetworks(WPANs) 256

10.1.2 WirelessHDMI 256
10.1.3 Point-to-Point60GHzLinks 257
10.1.4 BroadcastingaVideoSignalTransmissionSysteminaSportsStadium 257
10.1.5 IntervehicleCommunicationSystem 258
10.1.6 MultigigabitFileTransmission 258
10.1.7 CurrentDevelopments 258
10.2 E-BandAntennaApplications 261
10.2.1 PrivateNetworks/EnterpriseLANExtensions 261

10.2.2 FibreExtensions 262

10.2.3 FibreBack-up/DiversityConnections 262

10.2.4 MilitaryCommunicationsandSurveillanceSystems 262

10.2.5 SecureApplications 263

10.3 DistributedAntennaSystems 264
10.4 WirelessMeshNetworks 267
References 270

Index 273
Preface

This book presents antenna design and analysis at the level to produce an understanding of

theinteractionbetweenawirelesssystemanditsantenna,sothattheoverallperformancecan

bepredicted.Gigabitwirelesscommunicationsrequireaconsiderableamountofbandwidth,

whichcanbesupportedbymillimetrewaves.Millimetrewavetechnologyhasnowcomeof

age,andatthetimeofwritingthestandardsofIEEE802.15.3c,WirelessHDTMandECMAare

onscheduletobefinalised.Thetechnologyhasattractednewcommercialwirelessapplications

andnewmarkets,suchasthecapacityforhigh-speeddownloadingandwirelesshigh-definition

TVs.Thisbooksummarisesandreportstheextensiveresearchoverrecentyearsandemphas-

isestheimportanceandrequirementsofantennasforgigabitwirelesscommunications,with

an emphasis on wireless communications in the 60GHz ISM band and in the E-band. This

bookIreviewstheparticularrequirementsforthisapplicationandaddressesthedesignand

feasibility of millimetre wave antennas; such as planar antennas, rod antennas and antenna

arrays.Examplesofdesignsareincluded,alongwithadetailedanalysisoftheirperformance.

Inaddition,thisbookincludesabibliographyofcurrentresearchliteratureandpatentsinthis

subjectarea.Finally,theapplicationsoftheseantennasarediscussedinthelightofdifferent

forthcomingwirelessstandards.

Millimetre Wave Antennas for Gigabit Wireless Communications endeavours to offer a

comprehensive treatment of antennas based on electronic consumer applications, providing

a link to applications of computer-aided design tools and advanced materials and technolo-

gies.Themajorfeaturesofthisbookincludeadiscussionofthemanynovelmillimetrewave

antennaconfigurationsavailablewithnewlyreporteddesigntechniquesandmethods.

Althoughitcontainssomeintroductorymaterial,thisbookisintendedtoprovideacollection

of millimetre wave antenna design considerations for communication system designers and

antennadesigners.Thebookshouldalsoactasareferenceforpostgraduatestudents,research-

ers and engineers in millimetre wave engineering and an introduction to the various design

considerations.Itcanalsobeusedformillimetrewaveteaching.Asummaryofeachchapter

isgivenbelow.

Chapter1introducesthenear-termdevelopmentsinmillimetrewavecommunications.The

importance and requirements of millimetre wave antennas are discussed based on channel

performance, link budget, and applications in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight scenarios.

Sections addressing system-level considerations include references to subsequent chapters

thatcontainamoredetailedtreatmentofantennadesign.

Chapters2to8addressconventionalconfigurationsofmillimetrewaveantennas.

Chapter 2 considers several critical factors that limit the performance of millimetre wave

antennas.Astheantennadesignhasbecomecriticalinwirelesscommunications,thelimitations

ofantennadesignarealsodiscussedinthischapter.
x PREFACE
Chapter3describesthevarietyofmillimetrewaveplanarantennas,andlistsbasicfeeding
methods and useful references on a wide variety of techniques for producing low-profile
antennas.
Chapter 4 deals with millimetre wave integrated horn antennas. The chapter includes a
discussionofcircularpolarisationoptimisationtechniques,suchasthoseforarrayantennas.
WithcircularwaveguidemodesthatcanbeusedformodetrackingdescribedinChapter8.
Chapter5addresseslowcostandhighdirectivityofmillimetrewaverodantennas.Different
feedingmethods,maximumgain,andbeamtiltingarediscussedindetail.Withmultiple-rod
antennasthatcanbeusedasbeam-switchingantennasdiscussedinChapter7.
Chapter6describesthevarietyofmillimetrewavelensantennas,relevantfeedingmethods
andnovelarchitectures.Lensantennas,withtheadvantagesoflightweightandsmallheight,
areidentifiedasdesignsthatcanbeusedfornewapplications.
Chapter 7 discusses millimetre wave multibeam antennas and their construction. Novel
antennaswithadvancedradiationcharacteristicshavebeendemonstrated.Someoftheeffects
ofmutualcouplingofsignalsandnoisesbetweenarrayelementsarecovered.Thisinteraction
modifiestheactivearrayelementpatternsandcancauseimpedancechangesduringscanning.
Chapter 8 focuses on smart antennas and their usage in wireless communications. Wide-
rangingtechnologiessuchasbeamswitching,beamsteering,MIMOandmodetracking,that
satisfy special needs are considered. These technologies could produce low-profile high-
gain electronic scanning systems in conjunction with the antenna elements described in
Chapters3to7.
Chapter 9 explores millimetre wave antenna materials and manufacturing techniques.
Materials technologies are discussed such as LTCC, LCP, CMOS, high-temperature super-
conductors, carbon nanotubes, etc. New materials offer new design concepts and promise
futureexcitingantennatechnologytrends.
Finally, chapter 10, extrapolates the wireless applications of millimetre wave antennas in
a envisaged future market. This book only briefly addresses the details of electromagnetic
analysis, with the fundamentals of the subject requiring a more detailed study than can be
giveninthissystemdesign-orientedbook.
First of all, the authors wish to acknowledge the copyright permission from IEEE (US),
EuropeanMicrowaveAssociation(Belgium),JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.(US),ERA(UK)and
SuKhiongYong(US).
The authors are indebted to many researchers for their published works, which were rich
sources of reference upon which this book reports and summarises. Their sincere gratitude
extendstotheEditor,SarahHinton,andthereviewersfortheirsupportinthewritingofthis
book.ThehelpprovidedbyTiinaRuonamaaandothermembersofthestaffatJohnWiley&
Sons,Ltdismostappreciated.TheauthorsalsowishtothanktheircolleaguesattheUniversity
ofOxford,andUniversityofGreenwich.
In addition, Kao-Cheng Huang would like to thank Prof. Mook-Seng Leong, National
University of Singapore (Singapore), Prof. Rüdiger Vahldieck, ETH (Switzerland),
Prof.Ban-LeongOoi,NationalUniversityofSingapore(Singapore),DrDavidHaigh,Imperial
College(UK),Prof.FrancisLau,HongKongPolytechnicUniversity(China),DrH.M.Shen,
UniversityofEdinburgh(UK),DrChrisStevens,UniversityofOxford(UK)andDrJia-Sheng
Hong, Heriot-Watt University (UK) for their many years of support. David Edwards would
alsoliketothankCharlotteEdwardsforherhelpinthefinalstagesofthebook.Note:During
thelaterstagesoftheproductionofthisbookDrKao-ChengHuangwastakenseriouslyill.
Thebookhasbeencompletedfromhisnotesandweapologiseforanyresultingomissions.
List of Abbreviations

A/V audio/visual
ADC analogue-to-digitalconversion
AP accesspoints
AR axialratio
ARIB AssociationofRadioIndustriesandBusiness
ASP aperturestackedpatch
BER biterrorrate
CB-FGC conductor-backedfinitegroundcoplanar
CBCPW conductor-backedcoplanarwaveguide
CCS complementaryconductingstrip
CEPT EuropeanConferenceofPostalandTelecommunicationsAdministrations
CPS coplanarstripline
CTE coefficientofthermalexpansion
DAS distributedantennasystems
DBF digitalbeamforming
DLA discretelensarray
DoA directionofarrival
DRA dielectricresonatorantenna
EBGs electromagneticbandgaps
ECC ElectronicCommunicationsCommittee
ECMA EuropeanComputerManufactureAssociation
EIRP equivalentisotropicradiatedpower
ERC EuropeanRadiocommunicationsCommittee
ESPRIT EstimationofSignalParametersviaRotationalInvarianceTechniques
ETSI EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute
FCC FederalCommunicationCommissions
FDA FoodandDrugAdministration
FDTD finite-differencetime-domain
FLA filter–lensarray
FPC Fabry–Perotcavity
FT Fouriertransform
GO geometricoptics
GSM GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications
HDMI high-definitionmultimediainterface
xii LISTOFABBREVIATIONS
HDTV high-definitiontelevision
HEM hybridelectromagnetic
HPBW half-powerbeamwidth
HTS high-temperaturesuperconductors
IC-SMT IndustryCanadaSpectrumManagementandTelecommunications
ISM industrial,scientificandmedical
ISPs InternetServiceProviders
IVC Inter-VehicleCommunications
LA lensarray
LCP liquidcrystalpolymer
LHCP left-handcircularpolarisation
LHM left-handedmaterials
LNA low-noiseamplifier
LOS line-of-sight
LPD lowprobabilityofdetect
LPI lowprobabilityofintercept
LTCC low-temperatureco-firedceramic
MANETs mobileadhocnetworks
MCM multichipmodules
MEMS microelectromechanicalsystem
MIMO multi-inputmulti-output
MMIC monolithic-microwaveintegratedcircuit
MPHPT MinistryofPublicManagement,HomeAffairs,Posts,andTelecommunications
MSK minimumshiftkeying
MT mobileterminal
NLOS non-line-of-sight
OFDM orthogonalfrequencydivisionmultiplexing
OMT orthomodetransducer
OOK on/offkeying
PA 1.poweramplifier
2.phasedarray
PAPR peak-to-averagepowerratio
PCB printedcircuitboard
PDA personaldataassistant
PHY physicallayer
PMP portablemediaplayer
PRS partiallyreflectivesurface
PS portablestation
PTHs platedthroughholes
QPSK quadraturephase-shiftkeying
RAUs radioaccessunits
RF radiofrequency
RHCP right-handcircularpolarisation
RRH remoteradioheads
SC singlecarrier
SCBT single-carrierblocktransmission