Microwaves and Wireless Simplified (Artech House Antennas and Propagation Library)

288 Pages·1997·2.71 MB·English

by  Thomas S. Laverghetta

Microwaves and Wireless
Simplified
Second Edition
For a complete listing of theArtech House Microwave Library,
turn to the back of this book.
Microwaves and Wireless
Simplified
Second Edition
Thomas S. Laverghetta
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Laverghetta, Thomas S.
Microwaves and wireless simplified / Thomas S. Laverghetta.—2nd ed.
p. cm.—(The Artech House microwave library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58053-943-2 (alk. paper)
1. Microwave devices. 2. Microwave communication systems.
I. Title. II. Series.
TK7876.L382 2005
621.381’3—dc22 2005043575
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Laverghetta, Thomas S.
Microwaves and wireless simplified.—2nd ed.—(Artech House microwave library)
1. Microwave devices 2. Microwave communication systems
I. Title
621.3’813
ISBN 1-58053-943-2
Cover design by Igor Valdman
© 2005 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in-
cluding photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, with-
out permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have
been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa-
tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade-
mark or service mark.
International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-943-2
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Reference 12
2 Microwave Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.1 Tracking and measurement applications. . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.2 Imaging applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.3 Doppler radar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Telephones and telephone systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 Navigational Technology (GPS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Reference 48
MicrowavesandWirelessSimplified
3 Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 Coaxial transmissionlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.1.1 Flexible coaxial transmission line. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.1.2 Semirigid cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2 Strip transmission line (stripline) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.3 Microstrip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4 Coplanar waveguide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5 Waveguide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Reference 85
4 Microwave Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1 Directional couplers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.1.1 Monitor circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.1.2 Leveling circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.1.3 Power measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.1.4 Reflectometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2 Quadrature hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2.1 Matched detectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.2.2 Combining amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2.3 SPST switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.3 Power dividers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.4 Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.5 Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.5.1 Elements of a mixer circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.5.2 Signals in a mixer circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.6 Attenuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.7 Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.7.1 Bandpass filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.7.2 Lowpass filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.7.3 Highpass filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.8 Circulators and isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.9 Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.10 Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.10.1 Low-Noise Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Contents
4.10.2 Low-Level Linear Amplifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.10.3 Power Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.11 Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5 Solid State Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.1 Microwave diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.1.1 Schottky diodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.1.2 PIN diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.1.3 Tunnel diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.1.4 Gunn diodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.2 Microwave transistors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5.2.1 Bipolar transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.2.2 Field effect transistors (FETs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.2.3 Heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) . . . . . . . . . 206
5.2.4 High electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). . . . . . . . 210
5.3 Solid-state techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Reference 223
6 Microwave Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.1 Definition of terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.2 Material requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.3 Types of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6.3.1 Teflon fiberglass materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6.3.2 Non-PTFE materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3.3 Thermoset polymer composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
6.4 Choice of materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Preface
Everytechnicalbookthatiswrittenhasadefinitelifetime.Thisistrueifitisa
highlytheoreticalbookorabooksuchasthisone,whichsimplifiesahighly
technicalfield.Thisiswhyyouseefirsteditions,secondeditions,andsoon.
Thereisnothingwrongwiththisarrangementanditactuallyisanaturalpro-
gressionsinceitkeepsthereaderup-to-datewiththemostrecentadvancesin
a particular field.
Thefirsteditionofthisbookwaspublishedin1998andsuchchaptersas
Chapters 2, 5, and 6 (Microwave Applications, Solid State Devices, and
MicrowaveMaterials,respectively)werebasedonwhattechnologywasavail-
ablein1998.Thisisnowthetwenty-firstcentury,however,andmanythings
havechangedsince1998.Chapters2,5,and6arethefocusofthissecondedi-
tion,butChapters1,3,and4arealsorevisedtomakethefieldofmicrowaves
muchmoreunderstandabletoanyonewhoisnotamicrowavetechnicianor
engineer.ThathasalwaysbeentheobjectiveofMicrowavesandWirelessSim-
plified—to present an easily understandable explanation of the topics of
microwavesandwirelesscommunicationstoanyoneinmarketingoradver-
tising or to anyone who just wants to know more about the subjects.