Microwave Line of Sight Link Engineering

415 Pages·2012·2.993 MB·English

by  Pablo Angueira, Juan Antonio Romo(auth.)

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MICROWAVE LINE
OF SIGHT LINK
ENGINEERING
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MICROWAVE LINE
OF SIGHT LINK
ENGINEERING
PABLO ANGUEIRA and JUAN ANTONIO ROMO
UniversityoftheBasqueCountry
E.T.S.I.Bilbao
Bilbao,Spain
AJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATION
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Copyright©2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Angueira,Pablo,1972–
Microwavelineofsightlinkengineering/PabloAngueira,JuanAntonioRomo.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN978-1-118-07273-8
1.Microwavecommunicationsystems. 2.Line-of-sightradiolinks. I.Romo,JuanAntonio,
1958– II.Title.
TK5103.4833.A542012
621.382–dc23
2012007155
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Tomyparents,GloriaandJuanAntonio,andtomyfamily:Amaia,Leire,
andItziar.
—JuanAntonioRomo
Tomyparents,DoloresandJuanCarlos,andtomyfamily:JoneandSira.
—PabloAngueira
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xix
ACRONYMS xxiii
1 INTRODUCTIONTOMICROWAVELOSLINKSYSTEMS 1
1.1 Introduction / 1
1.2 HistoricEvolutionofRadioLinks / 3
1.3 Point-to-PointFixedCommunicationTechnologies / 5
1.3.1 CabledTransportSystems / 6
1.3.1.1 xDSLTechnologies / 6
1.3.1.2 Fiber-OpticLinks / 8
1.3.2 SatelliteCommunicationLinks / 9
1.3.3 OtherFixedWirelessSystems / 11
1.3.3.1 FreeSpaceOpticLinks / 11
1.3.3.2 WirelessPoint-to-MultipointSystems / 12
1.3.3.3 High-FrequencyLinks / 13
1.3.3.4 High-AltitudePlatformStations(HAPS) / 13
1.4 FieldofApplicationandUseCases / 13
1.4.1 BackhaulNetworks / 14
1.4.2 BackhaulinMobileNetworks / 14
1.4.3 MetroandEdgeNetworks / 16
1.4.4 FixedAccessNetworks / 17
1.4.5 AdditionalUseCases / 17
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viii CONTENTS
1.5 BasicStructureofaFixedServiceMicrowaveLink / 18
1.6 SpectrumManagementAspects / 21
1.6.1 ITU-RRadioRegulations:SpectrumParametersand
Definitions / 22
1.6.2 FrequencyAllocations / 24
1.7 FirstApproachtotheDesignofaMicrowaveLOSLink / 26
1.8 LinkBudgetBasics / 28
1.8.1 LinkBudget / 28
1.8.1.1 PowerLevels / 29
1.8.1.2 GainandLosses / 29
1.8.1.3 LinkBudgetExpression / 31
1.8.2 PropagationLosses / 31
1.8.3 ThresholdValuesandGrossFadeMargin / 33
1.9 Noise / 36
1.10 Interferences / 39
Bibliography / 40
2 LOSSANDFADINGASSOCIATEDWITHTROPOSPHERE
PROPAGATIONPHENOMENA 42
2.1 Introduction / 42
2.2 InfluenceofRefractiononPropagationintheTroposphere / 43
2.2.1 RefractiveIndexandRadioRefractivityN / 46
2.2.2 RadioRefractivityGradient / 47
2.2.2.1 VariationwithHeight / 47
2.2.3 SubrefractionConditions / 48
2.2.4 Super-RefractionConditions / 48
2.2.5 RayBending:EffectiveEarthRadius / 51
2.2.6 Ducts / 54
2.2.7 BeamSpreading / 56
2.2.8 VariationintheAnglesofLaunchandArrival / 57
2.2.9 TroposphereMultipathPropagation / 57
2.2.10 Scintillation / 59
2.3 TerrainDiffractionLosses:FresnelZones / 59
2.4 VegetationAttenuation / 60
2.5 AtmosphericGasandVaporAbsorption / 61
2.6 Hydrometeors / 62
2.6.1 AbsorptionDuetoHydrometeors / 63
2.6.2 Cross-Polarization:CouplingLosses / 64
2.7 Reflection / 65
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CONTENTS ix
2.8 DistortionduetoPropagationEffects / 67
2.8.1 ChannelImpulseResponse / 67
2.8.2 Two-RayModel:FrequencyResponse / 68
Bibliography / 70
3 FREQUENCYPLANFORAFIXEDSERVICE
MICROWAVELINK 72
3.1 FrequencyPlanningOverview / 72
3.2 BandwidthandCapacityofaMicrowaveLOSLink / 74
3.2.1 GrossandNetBitRate / 75
3.2.2 SpectrumEfficiency / 76
3.2.3 SpectrumResources / 77
3.3 ITU-RFrequencyPlans / 79
3.3.1 GeneralDescriptionofaRadio-FrequencyChannel
ArrangementPlan / 83
3.3.2 RadioChannelArrangementOptions / 85
3.3.2.1 AlternatedRadioChannelArrangements / 85
3.3.2.2 RadioChannelArrangementsforCo-Channel
BandReuse / 86
3.3.2.3 RadioChannelArrangementsforInterleaved
BandReuse / 87
3.3.3 Radio-FrequencyChannelArrangementPlan:ADetailed
Example / 88
3.3.3.1 40MHzAlternatedRadioChannel
Arrangement / 88
3.3.3.2 20MHzAlternatedRadioChannel
Arrangement / 90
3.3.3.3 30MHzRadioChannelArrangement / 91
3.3.3.4 10MHzRadioChannelArrangement / 92
3.3.3.5 5MHzRadioChannelArrangement / 92
3.3.3.6 Co-PolarChannelArrangementswith
MulticarrierTransmission / 92
3.4 AssignmentofRadio-frequencyChannels / 93
3.4.1 AssignmentofHalfBandstoStations / 93
3.4.1.1 LinearTopology / 93
3.4.1.2 RingTopology / 94
3.4.2 TwoFrequencyAssignmentPlan / 95
3.4.3 AssignmentPlanUsingMoreThanTwoFrequencies / 97
3.5 CommentsontheFrequencyBandChoice / 97
Bibliography / 99
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x CONTENTS
4 EQUIPMENTANDSUBSYSTEMTECHNOLOGYASPECTS:A
RADIOLINKDESIGNERAPPROACH 100
4.1 Introduction / 100
4.2 BasicBlockDiagrams / 102
4.2.1 TerminalStations / 102
4.2.2 RepeaterStations / 105
4.3 TransportTechnologies / 107
4.3.1 PlesiochronousDigitalHierarchyPDH / 108
4.3.2 SONET/SDHSynchronousNetworks / 109
4.3.3 ATMAsynchronousTransferMode / 111
4.3.4 Ethernet / 112
4.3.5 SynchronizationinHybridTDM/EthernetNetworks / 113
4.4 BasebandUnit / 114
4.4.1 DigitalInterfaces / 115
4.4.2 TDMRadio / 116
4.4.2.1 AggregatedRadioFrameStructure / 117
4.4.2.2 CodingandErrorCorrection / 117
4.4.2.3 BaseBandProcessing / 118
4.4.3 EthernetRadio / 119
4.4.4 HybridRadio / 120
4.4.5 ChannelFiltering / 121
4.5 ModulationandDemodulation / 123
4.5.1 ModulatorandDemodulatorPerformance / 125
4.5.2 ExamplesofModulationSchemes / 128
4.5.2.1 PhaseShiftKeying4-PSK / 128
4.5.2.2 16LevelQuadratureAmplitudeModulation
(16-QAM) / 129
4.5.2.3 MlevelQuadratureAmplitudeModulation
(M-QAM) / 130
4.5.2.4 CodedModulation / 131
4.5.3 AdaptiveModulation / 132
4.5.4 ErrorProbability / 134
4.5.5 AdaptiveEqualization / 137
4.5.5.1 FrequencyDomainEqualization / 137
4.5.5.2 TimeDomainEqualization / 138
4.5.6 Cross-PolarInterferenceCanceler / 138
4.6 TransceiverUnit / 139
4.6.1 FrequencyConverter / 139
4.6.2 TransmitterPowerAmplifier / 140
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CONTENTS xi
4.6.3 ReceiverRFLowNoiseAmplifier / 141
4.6.4 ReceiverIFAmplifier / 141
4.6.5 MicrowaveCircuitIntegration / 142
4.7 AntennaCouplingElements / 142
4.7.1 RFTransmissionLines / 143
4.7.1.1 CoaxialCables / 143
4.7.1.2 WaveGuides / 144
4.7.2 BranchingCircuits / 145
4.7.2.1 Filters / 145
4.7.2.2 Circulators / 145
4.7.2.3 RFIsolators / 145
4.7.2.4 Duplexers / 146
4.7.3 TransmissionLineSelectionCriteria / 146
4.8 Antennas / 147
4.8.1 ParametersofParabolicReflectors / 148
4.8.2 AntennaGain / 149
4.8.2.1 Directivity / 149
4.8.2.2 Gain / 150
4.8.2.3 ApertureEfficiency / 150
4.8.2.4 EquivalentIsotropicallyRadiatedPower
(E.I.R.P) / 151
4.8.3 RadiationPattern / 152
4.8.3.1 Beamwidth / 156
4.8.3.2 MinororSecondaryLobes / 157
4.8.3.3 FieldRegions / 157
4.8.4 Mismatch,VSWRandReturningLosses / 157
4.8.5 Polarization / 159
4.8.6 ParabolicAntennaTypes / 161
4.8.6.1 GridAntennas / 161
4.8.6.2 StandardAntennas / 161
4.8.6.3 FocalPlaneAntenna / 161
4.8.6.4 ShieldedAntenna / 162
4.8.6.5 HighPerformanceAntennas / 162
4.8.7 MicrowaveAntennaSelectionCriteria / 163
4.8.7.1 OperatingFrequencyBandandSize / 163
4.8.7.2 Gain / 163
4.8.7.3 RadiationPatterns / 163
4.8.7.4 Polarization / 164
4.8.7.5 VSWR / 164
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xii CONTENTS
4.8.7.6 TowerLoadingandEnvironmental
Considerations / 165
4.9 RedundancyArrangements / 166
4.9.1 UnprotectedConfigurations / 168
4.9.2 HotStandbyConfiguration / 168
4.9.3 FrequencyDiversityConfiguration / 169
4.9.4 2+0ProtectionwithRadio-LinkBonding / 169
4.9.5 MIMOConfigurations / 170
4.10 SystemMonitoringandManagement / 171
Bibliography / 172
5 PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVESANDCRITERIAFORFIXED
SERVICEMICROWAVELINKS 174
5.1 Introduction / 174
5.2 ErrorPerformanceObjectivesandCriteriaBasedon
RecommendationITU-TG.821 / 176
5.2.1 ApplicationScopeofRelatedRecommendations / 176
5.2.2 ErrorPerformanceandAssociatedDefinitions / 176
5.2.2.1 ErrorPerformanceEvents / 176
5.2.2.2 ErrorPerformanceParameters / 177
5.2.3 ReferenceTransmissionModelsforPerformanceObjective
Allocation / 178
5.2.4 ObjectivesandEnd-to-EndErrorPerformanceAllocation
inRealLinks / 178
5.3 ErrorPerformanceObjectivesandCriteriaBasedon
RecommendationsITU-TG.826andITU-TG.828 / 179
5.3.1 ApplicationScope / 179
5.3.2 ErrorPerformanceandAssociatedDefinitions / 180
5.3.2.1 ErrorPerformanceEventsforConnections
(HRXModel) / 181
5.3.2.2 ErrorPerformanceEventsforPaths
(HRDPModel) / 182
5.3.2.3 ErrorPerformanceParameters / 182
5.3.3 ReferenceTransmissionModelsforPerformanceObjective
Allocation / 182
5.3.4 ObjectivesandEnd-to-EndErrorPerformanceAllocations
inRealLinks / 184
5.3.4.1 LinksintheInternationalPortion / 186
5.3.4.2 LinksintheNationalPortion / 187