Microwave Circuit Modeling Using Electromagnetic Field Simulation (Artech House Microwave Library)

488 Pages·2003·10.88 MB·English

by  Daniel G. Swanson Jr.

Microwave Circuit Modeling
Using Electromagnetic Field Simulation
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Microwave Circuit Modeling
Using Electromagnetic Field Simulation
Daniel G. Swanson, Jr.
Wolfgang J. R. Hoefer
Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
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To Mom and Dad, my first and best teachers.
DGS

Contents
Preface xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 General Field-Solver Applications 2
1.2 A Note on Color Plots 3
1.3 A Note on 3D Wireframe Views 4
1.4 A Brief Historical View 6
0.00References 8
Chapter 2 CAD of Passive Components 9
2.1 Circuit-Theory-Based CAD 10
2.2 Field-Theory-Based CAD 13
2.3 Solution Time for Circuit Theory and Field Theory 16
2.4 A “Hybrid” Approach to Circuit Analysis 18
2.5 Optimization 23
2.6 Modern Microwave CAD—What’s Missing? 24
2.7 The Next Decade 26
0.00References 27
Chapter 3 Numerical Electromagnetics 29
3.1 Microwave Analysis and Design 30
3.2 Methods of Electromagnetic Analysis 32
3.3 The Features Common to All Numerical Methods 34
3.4 The Differences Between Numerical Methods 35
3.5 Categories of Numerical Methods 35
3.6 Expansion Functions 37
3.7 Strategies for Finding the Unknown Coefficients 40
3.8 The Method of Moments 43
0.003.8.1 2.5D Planar MoM Solvers 49
vii
viii Microwave Circuit Modeling Using Electromagnetic Field Simulation
3.9 The Finite Element Method 50
0.00 3.9.1 Linear Expansion Functions and Unknown Coefficients 51
0.0003.9.2 Strategy for Determining the Unknown
0.0000.0.00Expansion Coefficients 53
3.10 Finite Difference and Finite Integration Methods 55
0.0003.10.1 Finite Difference Formulations 55
0.0003.10.2 Finite Integration Formulation 58
0.0003.10.3 Solution Strategies 59
3.11 Finite Difference Time Domain Formulations 61
0.0003.11.1 Stability 65
0.0003.11.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 66
0.0003.11.3 Output from FDTD Simulators 66
3.12 Transmission Line Matrix Methods 67
0.0003.12.1 TLM Basics and the Two-Dimensional
0.0000.00.00TLM Shunt Mesh 67
0.0003.12.2 The Three-Dimensional Expanded TLM Mesh 70
0.0003.12.3 The Symmetrical Condensed Node TLM Mesh 71
0.0003.12.4 Inhomogeneous Materials and Losses 72
0.0003.12.5 Initial and Boundary Conditions 72
0.0003.12.6 Stability 73
3.13 Output from Electromagnetic Simulators 73
3.14 Discussion and Conclusion 75
3.15 Further Reading 77
0.000References 77
Chapter 4 Alternative Classifications 81
4.1 Classification by Geometry 81
0.004.1.1 2D Cross-Section-Solvers 81
0.004.1.2 2.5D Planar-Solvers 83
0.004.1.3 3D Arbitrary Solvers 84
0.004.1.4 Summary 85
4.2 Classification by Solution Domain 85
0.004.2.1 Frequency Domain Solvers 86
0.004.2.2 Time Domain Solvers 86
0.004.2.3 Eigenmode-solvers 87
0.00References 88
Chapter 5 Moment Method Simulators 89
5.1 Closed Box Moment Method—Strengths 89
5.2 Closed Box Moment Method—Weaknesses 89
5.3 Laterally Open Moment Method—Strengths 90
5.4 Laterally Open Moment Method—Weaknesses 90
5.5 Issues Common to Both MoM Formulations 91
Contents ix
5.6 Exceptions to General MoM Comments 92
5.7 50-Ohm Microstrip Line 92
5.8 MoM—Cells and Subsections 95
5.9 MoM—Validation Structures 96
5.10 MoM Meshing and Convergence 98
0.0005.10.1 Uniform Versus Edge-Meshing 99
0.0005.10.2 Microstrip Convergence 100
0.0005.10.3 Summary for Meshing and Impedance Convergence 101
5.11 Controlling Meshing 102
0.0005.11.1 Meshing a Microstrip Tee-Junction 103
0.0005.11.2 Meshing a Wiggly Coupler 105
0.0005.11.3 Meshing a Printed Spiral Inductor 105
0.0005.11.4 Meshing Printed Capacitors 107
0.0005.11.5 Meshing Overlay and MIM Capacitors 111
0.0005.11.6 Exceptions to Mesh Control Discussion 113
0.0005.11.7 Summary for Mesh Control 113
5.12 MoM—Displaying Voltage 114
5.13 MoM—Calibration Structures 116
0.0005.13.1 Microstrip Ideal Short Circuit 116
0.0005.13.2 Microstrip Open Circuit 118
0.0005.13.3 Microstrip Thin-Film Resistor 118
0.0005.13.4 Summary for Microstrip Calibration Structures 121
5.14 Visualization 122
0.000References 122
Chapter 6 Finite Element Method Simulators 125
6.1 Finite Element Method—Strengths 125
6.2 Finite Element Method—Weaknesses 127
6.3 FEM Simulators—Validation Structures 128
6.4 Controlling Meshing 128
0.006.4.1 Meshing The Coaxial Standard—
0.000.0.00Geometrical Resolution 130
0.006.4.2 Meshing a Coaxial Resonator—
0.000.0.00Dummies and Seeding 132
0.006.4.3 Meshing a Coaxial Step Discontinuity—
0.000.0.00Dummies and Seeding 137
0.006.4.4 Solving the Step Discontinuity in 2D 143
0.006.4.5 Mesh Control Summary 143
6.5 FEM Calibration Structures 145
0.006.5.1 7-mm Coaxial Through Line 145
0.006.5.2 7-mm Coaxial Short 147
0.006.5.3 7-mm Shielded Coaxial Open 148
0.006.5.4 7-mm Coaxial Termination 149