Microtron: Development and Applications

367 Pages·2001·18.011 MB·\367

by  Yuri M. Tsipenyuk (Author)

The Microtron
THE PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF PARTICLE AND
PHOTON BEAMS (formerly ACCELERATORS AND
STORAGE RINGS)
a series of monographs edited by Swapan Chattopadhyay, Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, California, USA
VOLUME 1
The Microtron, Sergey P. Kapitza and V.N. Melekhin
VOLUME 2
Collective Methods of Acceleration, N. Rostoker and M. Reiser
VOLUME 3
Recirculating Electron Accelerators, Roy E. Rand
VOLUME 4
Particle Accelerators and Their Uses, Waldemar Scharf
VOLUME 5
Theory of Resonance Linear Accelerators, I.M. Kapchinskiy
VOLUME 6
The Optics of Charged Particle Beams, David C. Carey
VOLUME 7
Getter and Getter-Ion Vacuum Pumps, Georgii L. Saksaganskii
VOLUME 8
Beam Dynamics: A New Attitude and Framework, Etienne Forest
VOLUME 9
Introduction to Radiation Acoustics, A.I. Kalinchenko, V.T. Lazurik and
I.I. Zalyubovsky
VOLUME 10
The Microtron: Development and Applications, Yuri M. Tsipenyuk,
edited by Sergey P. Kapitza
This book is part of a series. The publisher will accept continuation orders which
may be cancelled at any time and which provide for automatic billing and
shipping of each title in the series upon publication. Please write for details.
The Microtron
Development and Applications
yuri M. Tsipenyuk
P.L. Kapitza Institue for Physical Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
Edited by
Sergey P. Kapitza
P.L. Kapitza Institue for Physical Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
Boca Raton London New York
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Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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CONTENTS
Editor’s Preface xi
Preface XV
Part I. The Microtron
1 Basic principles of a microtron............................................... 1
1.1 Introduction........................................................................ 1
1.2 Phase stability.................................................................... 5
2 Circular microtron.................................................................... 11
2.1 Construction....................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Magnet.................................................................... 12
2.1.2 Microwave system................................................. 17
2.1.3 Extraction of electron beam and its injection to
synchrotrons........................................................... 25
2.2 Cathode.............................................................................. 37
2.2.1 Properties of lanthanum hexaboride..................... 38
2.2.2 Energy relations..................................................... 40
2.2.3 Construction of cathodes....................................... 43
2.2.4 Photoemission studies of LaB6.............................. 48
2.3 Injection of electrons from an external source................ 50
2.3.1 Injection from external gun................................... 50
2.3.2 Electron injection from a source located outside
a microtron............................................................. 56
2.4 Development of accelerating regimes............................. 61
2.4.1 Schemes for correcting orbits in a microtron....... 61
2.4.2 Motion in a nonhomogeneous magnetic field...... 63
2.4.3 Second type of acceleration with increased
resonator thickness................................................. 65
2.4.4 Focusing action of the cathode hole...................... 67
2.4.5 Account of the cavity field distortion by apertures 69
2.4.6 Influence of the third harmonic on dynamics of
electrons.................................................................. 76
CONTENTS
VI
2.4.7 Two frequency microtron...................................... 79
2.4.8 Short pulse production.......................................... 82
2.5 Continuous wave and 3 cm microtrons............................ 85
2.5.1 Accelerating mode with small energy gain.......... 85
2.5.2 Non-superconductive CW microtron.................... 87
2.5.3 3 cm microtrons..................................................... 88
3 Race-track microtrons............................................................. 93
3.1 Construction and principles of operations....................... 94
3.2 Types of race-track microtrons........................................ 97
3.3 Continuous wave RTMs................................................... 99
3.3.1 Race-track microtron using a superconducting
linac........................................................................ 100
3.3.2 Normal conducting RTM МАМІ.......................... 102
3.3.3 CW RTM of the Moscow University.................... 104
3.4 Microtron configurations for GeV range......................... 107
3.5 A mobile RTM.................................................................. 110
3.6 Microtron source for multicharged ions.......................... 112
4 Free electron laser.................................................................... 115
4.1 Physical basics of PEL....................................................... 116
4.2 Electron accelerators for FELs........................................ 122
4.3 Cherenkov PEL................................................................. 124
4.4 PEL in the millimeter-wave region.................................. 128
4.5 Far-infrared PEL............................................................... 130
4.6 Unconventional relativistic oscillators driven by the
microtron......................................... 134
4.6.1 Reflex free electron laser...................................... 134
4.6.2 Interaction of electrons with open resonators
located inside a microtron..................................... 135
4.7 High power infrared PEL driven by a microtron-
recuperator........................................................................ 137
Part II. Secondary Beams
5 Interaction of relativistic electrons with matter................... 141
5.1 Ionization and radiative losses of electrons...................... 141
5.2 Multiple scattering of electrons....................................... 144
5.3 Transition radiation........................................................... 146
5.4 Parametric radiation.......................................................... 157
5.5 Channeling effect and channeling radiation.................... 162
CONTENTS vii
6 Electron accelerators as a source of radiation...................... 167
6.1 Bremsstrahlung.................................................................. 167
6.2 Photoneutrons.................................................................... 174
6.3 X-ray production by relativistic electrons....................... 178
6.3.1 X-ray generation from transition radiation.......... 178
6.3.2 Eperimental study of parametric radiation............ 185
6.3.3 Channeling radiation.............................................. 187
6.4 A tunable monochromatic gamma-ray source................. 190
6.5 Positron production............................................................ 193
7 Neutron sources on the basis of electron accelerators......... 199
7.1 Neutron slowing down...................................................... 201
7.2 Spatial distribution of neutrons from a point source...... 205
7.3 Neutron converters and moderators................................. 206
7.4 Resonance neutrons........................................................... 212
Part III. Applications
8 Nuclear reactions induced by gamma-quanta...................... 217
8.1 Classification of photons and gamma radiation............... 217
8.2 Features of photonuclear reactions.................................. 219
8.2.1 Decay channels...................................................... 224
8.3 Photofission of heavy nuclei............................................. 228
9 Photoactivation analysis........................................................... 233
9.1 Peculiarities of photoactivation analysis......................... 234
9.1.1 Transport system.................................................... 235
9.1.2 Optimal size of a sample in PAA.......................... 237
9.1.3 Recoil nuclei.......................................................... 238
9.2 Photoactivation analysis of high-purity materials........... 240
9.2.1 Nondestructive photoactivation analysis of
impurities................................................................ 241
9.3 Determination of nonmetal impurities in high-purity
materials by PAA combined with radiochemical
extraction........................................................................... 244
9.3.1 Irradiation set up and detection system................. 245
9.3.2 Methods of radiochemical extraction of
radionuclides........................................................... 246
9.4 PAA of gaseous impurities in metals............................... 249
9.5 Alloys and salts.................................................................. 252
9.5.1 Impurities in salts................................................... 252
viii CONTENTS
9.5.2 Rare earth element alloys..................................... 255
9.6 Activation analysis of geological objects.................... 259
9.6.1 Nondestructive determination of deuterium and
beryllium................................................................ 261
9.6.2 Isomer production under bremsstrahlung
irradiation............................................................... 263
9.6.3 Express activation analysis of gold and silver..... 263
9.6.4 PAA of multicomponent ores................................ 266
9.6.5 PAA of polymetal ores in a mixed gamma-
neutron field........................................................... 269
9.6.6 Gold content determination in geological
samples with the use of resonance neutrons........ 270
9.6.7 Instrumental determination of the uranium and
thorium content in natural objects......................... 274
9.6.8 Photofission in analysis of the quality of
lappante ores.......................................................... 275
10 Microtrons in medicine............................................................ 279
10.1 Analysis of biological objects.......................................... 279
10.1.1 Photoactivation measurement of oxygen
isotopic concentration ratios 180/160 .................. 281
10.2 Radionuclides in therapy................................................. 283
10.2.1 Carrier-free nuclides 155Tb and 167Tm................. 284
10.2.2 Production of carrier-free indium-111................. 285
10.2.3 Molybdenum-99 and technetium-99m
production............................................................. 287
10.2.4 Production of iodine-123..................................... 290
10.3 Radio-diagnostics............................................................. 293
11 Therapeutic microtrons........................................................... 295
11.1 Radiation therapy.............................................................. 295
11.1.1 Physical considerations........................................ 296
11.1.2 Biological considerations..................................... 297
11.1.3 Optimisation of treatment fields.......................... 299
11.2 Medical microtrons........................................................... 300
11.2.1 Russian circular medical microtron..................... 301
11.2.2 Race-track medical microtron MM50 of
Scanditronix.......................................................... 307
12 Industrial applications............................................................. 313
12.1 Industrial radiography................................... 313
CONTENTS ix
12.1.1 Special microtron for industrial nondestructive
testing..................................................................... 314
12.1.2 Stereomicrotron.................................................... 315
12.2 A microtron-based detector for explosives and
narcotics............................................................................. 318
12.3 Production of radionuclides.............................................. 321
12.4 Radiation processing......................................................... 326
12.4.1 Degradation of phenolic substances under
electron irradiation................................................ 329
References 333
Index 345