Microsoft Windows PowerShell Step By Step

308 Pages·2007·4.275 MB·English

by  Ed Wilson

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To Teresa: my friend, my helper, and my muse.
iii
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Contents at a Glance
1 Overview of Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2 Using Windows PowerShell Cmdlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Leveraging PowerShell Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4 Using PowerShell Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5 Using WMI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6 Querying WMI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7 Working with Active Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8 Leveraging the Power of ADO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9 Managing Exchange 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
APPENDIX A Cmdlets Installed with Windows PowerShell . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
APPENDIX B Cmdlet Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
APPENDIX C Translating VBScript to Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
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Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1 Overview of Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Understanding Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Using Cmdlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Installing Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Deploying Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Using Command Line Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Security Issues with Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Controlling Execution of PowerShell Cmdlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Confirming Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Suspending Confirmation of Cmdlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Working with Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Accessing Windows PowerShell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Configuring Windows PowerShell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Supplying Options for Cmdlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Working with the Help Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Exploring Commands: Step-by-Step Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
One Step Further: Obtaining Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
2 Using Windows PowerShell Cmdlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Understanding the Basics of Cmdlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Using the Get-ChildItem Cmdlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Using the Format-Wide Cmdlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Leveraging the Power of Get-Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Using the Get-Member Cmdlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Using the New-Object Cmdlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
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viii Table of Contents
Creating a PowerShell Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Working with Cmdlets: Step-by-Step Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
One Step Further: Working with New-Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3 Leveraging PowerShell Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Identifying the Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Understanding the Alias Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Understanding the Certificate Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Understanding the Environment Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Understanding the File System Provider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Understanding the Function Provider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Understanding the Registry Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Understanding the Variable Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exploring the Certificate Provider: Step by Step Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
One Step Further: Examining the Environment Provider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4 Using PowerShell Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Why Write Windows PowerShell Scripts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Enabling Script Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Running Windows PowerShell Scripts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Understanding Variables and Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Use of Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Use of Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Looping Through Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Using the For Each-Object Cmdlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Using the For Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Using Do … While. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Using Do … Until. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Making Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Using If … Elseif … Else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Using Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Creating Multiple Folders: Step-by-Step Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
One Step Further: Deleting Multiple Folders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
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5 Using WMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Understanding the WMI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Working with Objects and Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Listing WMI Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Working with WMI Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Querying WMI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Obtaining Service Information: Step-by-Step Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
One Step Further: Working with Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
6 Querying WMI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Alternate Ways to Connect to WMI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Tell Me Everything About Everything!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Selective Data from All Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Selecting Multiple Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Choosing Specific Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Utilizing an Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Where Is the Where?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Working with Software: Step-by-Step Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
One Step Further: Windows Environment Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
7 Working with Active Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Creating Objects in Active Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Creating an Organizational Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
ADSI Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
LDAP Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Creating Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Working with Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
General User Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Creating the Address Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Deleting Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Creating Multiple Organizational Units: Step-by-Step Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
One Step Further: Creating Multivalued Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
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8 Leveraging the Power of ADO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Connecting to Active Directory with ADO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Creating More Effective Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Using Alternative Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Modifying Search Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Searching for Specific Types of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
What Is Global Catalog? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Using the SQL Dialect to Query Active Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Creating an ADO Query into Active Directory: Step-by-Step
Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
One Step Further: Controlling How a Script Executes Against
Active Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
9 Managing Exchange 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Exploring the Exchange 2007 Cmdlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Configuring Recipient Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Creating the User and the Mailbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Reporting User Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Managing Storage Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Examining the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Managing Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Creating User Accounts: Step-by-Step Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
One Step Further: Configuring Message Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Appendix A: Cmdlets Installed with Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Appendix B: Cmdlet Naming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Appendix C: Translating VBScript to Windows PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
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Acknowledgments
Books of this length, or for that matter, even very short books, do not happen automatically—
nor do they arrive in a vacuum. If the book being contemplated is about software that is not
even released . . . dude, you are going to need some help. One of the cool things about writing
more than a dozen books is that, through the years, I have developed a stable of friends (nice
for a guy named Mr. Ed), loved ones, technical mentors, and coworkers who have all taken an
interest in the writing process and have wanted to help out.
The number-one person . . . well, actually, there are several number-one persons that need
thanking. The one I had better thank first is my wife, Teresa. This poor girl, an accountant
by training, has become the de facto scripting expert in her company. Why, you may ask?
Other than the fact that she is married to me and sees me walking around aimlessly from time
to time, she has had the privilege of reading four books on scripting—not once, but many
times. What about this book on Windows PowerShell? Well, she has read it at least three
times. Of course, I would not dare say that if you find problems, it is her fault! No way!
There are several other number one-persons I need to thank. My agent, Claudette Moore of
the Moore Literary Agency, for instance, needs thanking. If not for her efforts, my book never
would have been published by Microsoft Press. She is also a good person to talk to when I
need encouragement.
Another number-one person to thank is Martin DelRe, my acquisitions editor at MSPress. This
guy is awesome! I love talking to him. He is such a believer in the power and message of script-
ing that he has devoted a sizable portion of his titles to scripting. It is very rare to deal with an
acquisitions editor who is as knowledgeable about scripting, networking, and the like as is
Martin. The best compliment I have ever received from an editor came from him. He said,
“Your book looks good. I think I will take it home and read it this weekend.” My best friend
didn’t even say that!
The other number-one person I need to think is Maureen Zimmerman. She worked so hard to
keep the book on track, and I was in 14 different countries last year while writing the book.
There were time zone issues, VPN issues, language barriers—language barriers, did I say? Yes.
Not between me and Maureen, but between me and the keyboard in the concierge lounge in
Vienna, or Munich, or London, or Sydney, or this place. . . . Do you know how hard it is to find
the @ key while trying to use American input on a German keyboard? I ended up opening
Notepad and typing every key on the silly thing until I found it . . . then I cut and pasted it.
Hey, better than getting locked out of your e-mail.
This book had some awesome assistance from other people as well. First among them is Jit
Banerjie, a consultant for Microsoft in Australia. Technically, I am his mentor. But I always
learn more when talking to him than I think he ever learns from me. Whenever I would get
stuck trying to figure out something in Windows PowerShell, I would type a quick e-mail to
xi
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xii Acknowledgments
him . . . “Hey Jit! Help! I need to figure out how to do. . . . ” Sometimes it worked. Other times,
well, he is on the other side of the world from me most of the time . . . unless I happen to be
in Canberra, then I just show up at his door step looking hungry (his wife is a great cook).
Then there is the PowerShell Community Extension project. One of the awesome things that the
Microsoft Windows PowerShell team did was to make PowerShell extensible. There is a guy
named Keith Hill who is working with this project. He gave me permission (along with some of his
other cohorts) to include the PSCX version 2.0 on the CD with this book. This is awesome! Inter-
estingly enough, one of my other tech reviewers (on my first VBScript book) was Alex Angelopou-
los, and wouldn’t you know it, he is working with the PSCX guys on extending Windows
PowerShell. This is very cool. Then there were Oisin Grehan, Matt Hamilton, jachymko, Reinhard
Lehrbaum, and Mark Maier, all of whom worked on this project, and without their permission, I
would not have been able to include PSCX on the CD. If you ever see one of them, say thanks.
Bill Mell, MCSE, and Terry Lawson, MCSE, reviewed the labs for the book. They have been
working with me since my book on Netmon many years ago.
I need to thank Dr. Tobias Weltner for allowing me to include the free version of his Power-
Shell IDE in my book. Every time I go to Germany, someone in one of my classes will ask me:
“Do you know Dr. Weltner?” Now I can say, “Sure, he let me use his PowerShell IDE in my
book!”
Then there is Ivan Giugni, the product manager for Power Gadgets. He was good enough to
make sure I got the latest build of Power Gadgets for the book. Do you want to produce some
impressive-looking output from Windows PowerShell? You need to use Power Gadgets. The
scripting guys love Power Gadgets. The Windows PowerShell team love Power Gadgets—
because they are cool.
I also need to thank Alexander Riedel from Sapien for allowing me to include a demo version
of Primal Script 4.1 with my book. Primal Script has always been an awesome script editor,
and now with support for Windows PowerShell, it is even better.
I need to thank the Microsoft Scripting Guys: Greg Stemp, Dean Tsaltas, and Peter Costantini
for allowing me to include their VBScript to Windows PowerShell conversion guide as Appen-
dix C. This is an awesome document and represents hundreds of hours of work. I included it
in my book because I wanted to always have it close by. Okay, you are looking at me strangely.
You mean you don’t always carry a copy of a scripting book around with you? Hmmmmm.
One other person I need to thank is Ben Pearce, who is a supportability engineer for Microsoft
in the United Kingdom. He created the Cheat Sheet V1.0, which I have included in the supple-
mental resources folder on the CD. This is a beautiful cheat sheet, which I have printed out,
laminated, and posted next to my computer in my office at home. I think you will like it as
well.
www.it-ebooks.info