Microscopy of Textile Fibres PDF
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MICROSCOPY HANDBOOKS 32 Microscopy of Textile Fibres Royal Microscopical Society MICROSCOPV HANDBOOKS 01 An Introduction to the Optical Microscope (2nd Edn) 03 Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials 04 Histochemical Protein Staining Methods 05 X-Ray Microanalysis in Electron Microscopy for Biologists 06 Lipid Histochemistry 08 Maintaining and Monitoring the Transmission Electron Microscope 09 Qualitative Polarized Light Microscopy 11 An Introduction to Immunocytochemistry (2nd Edn) 12 Introduction to Scanning Acoustic Microscopy 15 Dictionary of Light Microscopy 16 Light Element Analysis in the Transmission Electron Microscope 17 Colloidal Gold: a New Per.spective for Cytochemical Marking 18 Autoradiography: a Comprehensive Overview 19 Introduction to Crystallography (2nd Edn) 20 The Operat i on of Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes 21 Cryopreparation of Thin Biological Specimens for Electron Microscopy 22 An Introduction to Surface Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy 23 Basic Measurement Techniques for Light Microscopy 24 The Preparation of Thin Sections of Rocks, Minerals and Ceramics 25 The Role of Microscopy in Semiconductor Failure Analysis 26 Enzyme Histochemistry 27 In Situ Hybridization: a Practical Guide 28 Biological Microtechnique 29 Flow Cytometry 30 Food Microscopy: a ManU:ll of Practical Methods, U sing Optical Microscopy 31 Scientific PhotoMACROgraphy 32 Microscopy of Textile Fibres Microscopy of Textile Fibres P.H. Greaves Microtex, 7 Newall Carr Raad, Otley, West Yarkshire LS21 2AU, UK B.P. Saville Textile Oepartment, Huddersfield University, Oueensgate, Huddersfield H01 30H, UK @ Taylor & Francis "'e'1 Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW VORK © Taylor & Francis Publishers Umited, 1995 First published 1995 All rights reserved. No part ofthis baak may be reproduced or transmitted, in any farm or by any means, without permission. A CIP catalogue record for this baak is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 872748244 Published by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Transferred to Digital Printing 2009 Typeset by AMA Graphics Ltd, Pr€ston, UK. Publisher's Note The publisher has go ne to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent. Contents Abbreviations IX Preface Xl 1. Introduction 1 Fibres 1 Natural fibres 2 Animal 2 Vegetable 3 Man-made fibres 3 Regenerated 3 Synthetic 3 Production 3 Reference 4 2. Fibre Identification 5 Sampling 5 Loose fibre 6 Yarn 6 Fabric 6 Made-up articles 6 Mounting 7 Conditions for initial examination 8 Reference samples 8 Key features 9 Solubility tests 12 Melting points 16 Staining tests 17 Refractive index measurements 17 Polarized light microscopy 18 The identification of natural fibres 19 Vegetable fibres 19 Animal fibres 19 Note: asbestos fibres 20 References 20 v vi MICROSCOPY OF TEXTILE FII3RES 3. Fibre Measurement 21 Terminology 21 The measurement of fibre d:iameter 21 Standard method for the measurement of fibre diameter 22 Principle 22 Apparatus 23 Sampling and preparation 24 Mounting 24 Calibration 24 Measurement 24 Number of measurement.s 25 Calculation and expression of results 26 Projection microscopes 26 Alternatives to the standarcl method of fibre diameter 27 measurement References 28 4. Polarized Light Microscopy 29 The micro scope 29 Removable polarizer and analyser 29 Rotating stage 30 Body slot 30 Monochromatic light 30 Birefringence and optical path difference 30 Examination in the microscope 32 Identification of fibres 33 Quantitative aspects 35 Orientation 36 References 37 5. Special Preparation Techniques for Light Microscopy 39 Cross-sections 39 The plate method "39 The Hardy microtome 40 Mechanical microtome sections 41 The grinding method 42 Scale casts 42 Reference 43 6. Other Light Microscopical Techniques Applied to Fibres 45 Fluorescence microscopy 45 Infrared microscopy 46 Confocal microscopy 47 References 49 CONTENTS vii 7. Scanning Electron Microscopy 51 Specimen-beam interaction 52 Secondary electrons 53 Backscattered electrons 53 Resolution 55 Depth of field 56 Charging 57 Beam damage 58 X-ray microanalysis 58 Measurement in the SEM 59 Specimen preparation 60 Coating 61 Cross-sections 63 Peeling 64 Application of SEM to textiles 65 Further reading 67 8. Transmission Electron Microscopy 69 Electron-specimen interaction 69 Effect of accelerating voltage 70 Electron diffraction 71 Dark field 72 Beamdamage 73 Specimen preparation 74 Fibrillation 75 Sectioning 75 Embedding 75 Ultramicrotome 76 Support grids 76 Staining 78 Further reading 78 ----------------------- 9. The Identification and Quantitative Analysis of 79 Animal Fibre Blends Introduction 79 The quantitative determination of fibre composition 80 The composition analysis of animal fibre blends 81 Limitations 82 The current position 83 References 86 Appendices 87 Appendix A: Glossary 87 Appendix B: Suppliers 89 Index 91 Abbreviations BS British Standard CLSM confocallaser scanning microscope FDA fibre diameter analyser FTIR Fourier-transform infrared IR infrared ISO International Standards Organization IWTO International Wool Textile Organization OBA optical brightening agent OFDA optical fibre diameter analyser OPD optical path difference RI refractive index SEM scanning electron micro scope TEM transmission electron microscope TSRLM tandem scanning reflected light micro scope UV ultraviolet ix
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