Microscales of Turbulence PDF
Preview Microscales of Turbulence
Microscales of Turbulence Microscales of Turbulence Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations Vedat S. Arpaci The University of Michigan Ann Arbor CRC Press Taylor &Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 1997 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza- tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com For Mustafa Kemal Gone, but not forgotten Imagination is more important than knowledge —Einstein CONTENTS Preface xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 ORIGIN OF MICROSCALES 5 1.2 ENERGY DISSIPATION-ENTROPY PRODUCTION 7 1.2.1 Thermodynamic Foundations 7 1.2.2 Thermal Displacement-Deformation 8 1.2.3 Second Law Alternatives 11 1.3 RATE OF ENTROPY PRODUCTION 16 2 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 20 2.1 INTRODUCTION 20 2.2 A FORCED FLOW 25 2.3 A FREE FALL 28 2.4 FORCED CONVECTION 30 2.5 NATURAL CONVECTION 34 3 TURBULENCE 42 3.1 INSTABILITY 47 3.2 REYNOLDS STRESS 56 3.3 REYNOLDS FLUX 59 4 SCALES OF TURBULENT FLOWS 63 4.1 KINETIC ENERGY OF MEAN FLOW AND OF FLUCTUATIONS 68 viii CONTENTS 4.2 KINETIC SCALES 73 4.3 A TURBULENCE MODEL 77 4.4 AN APPROACH TO SCALES 78 4.5 THERMAL MEAN AND FLUCTUATIONS 80 4.5.1 Forced Flow 81 4.5.2 Buoyancy-Driven Flow 88 5 HEAT TRANSFER 95 5.1 FORCED CONVECTION 95 5.1.1 Pr> 1 (Gases, Liquids, Viscous Oils) 97 5.1.2 Pr<<1 (Liquid Metals) 101 5.2 NATURAL CONVECTION 102 5.2.1 Vertical Plate 102 5.2.2 Rayleigh-Benard Problem 103 6 MASS TRANSFER 113 6.1 FORCED FLAMES 113 6.1.1 Laminar Flame 113 6.1.2 Turbulent Flame 122 6.2 BUOYANCY-DRIVEN FLOWS 127 6.2.1 Laminar Flame 127 6.2.2 Turbulent Flame 136 7 UNSTEADY TURBULENCE 143 7.1 DYNAMICS OF UNSTEADY TURBULENCE 143 7.2 KINETIC SCALES 145 7.3 THERMAL DYNAMICS AND SCALES 147 7.4 SKIN FRICTION AND HEAT TRANSFER 150 CONTENTS ix 7.5 PULSE COMBUSTION 152 7.6 HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR 155 8 TWO-PHASE FILMS 161 8.1 A DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER (ffe) 162 8.2 LAMINAR TWO-PHASE 165 8.3 TURBULENT TWO-PHASE 171 9 RADIATION 176 9.1 RADIATIVE STRESS 176 9.2 QUALITATIVE RADIATION 179 9.3 FORCED FLOW 184 9.4 BUOYANCY-DRIVEN FLOW 187 9.5 HEAT TRANSFER 188 10 EQUILIBRIUM SPECTRA 190 10.1 BUOYANCY-DRIVEN FLOW 190 10.1.1 Energy (Kinetic) Spectra 190 10.1.2 Thermal (Entropy) Spectra 193 10.2 PULSATING FLOW 195 Epilogue 199 References 200 Index 209
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