Microgrid Technologies

547 Pages·2021·26.319 MB·English

by  C. Sharmeela, P. Sivaraman, P. Sanjeevikumar, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen

Microgrid Technologies
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Microgrid Technologies
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Edited by
C. Sharmeela, P. Sivaraman,
P. Sanjeevikumar,
and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119710790
Cover image: Solar Panel Technology | Vtt Studio | Dreamstime.com
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Foreword xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management
in Micro-Grid System 1
Sanjay Kumar, R. K. Saket, P. Sanjeevikumar
and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Generation and Storage System in MicroGrid 6
1.2.1 Distributed Generation of Electrical Power 6
1.2.2 Incorporation of Electric Car in Micro-Grid
as a Device for Backup 7
1.2.3 Power and Heat Integration in Management
System 8
1.2.4 Combination of Heat and Electrical Power System 9
1.3 System of Energy Management 10
1.3.1 Classification of MSE 10
1.3.1.1 MSE Based on Conventional Sources 10
1.3.1.2 MSE Based on SSE 10
1.3.1.3 MSE Based on DSM 11
1.3.1.4 MSE Based on Hybrid System 11
1.3.2 Steps of MSE During Problem Solving 11
1.3.2.1 Prediction of Uncertain Parameters 12
1.3.2.2 Uncertainty Modeling 12
1.3.2.3 Mathematical Formulation 12
1.3.2.4 Optimization 13
1.3.3 Micro-Grid in Islanded Mode 13
1.3.3.1 Objective Functions and Constraints
of System 13
1.3.4 Micro-Grid Operation in Grid-Connected Mode 14
1.3.4.1 Objective Functions and Constraints
of the Systems 14
1.4 Algorithms Used in Optimizing Energy
Management System 16
v
vi Contents
1.5 Conclusion 19
References 20
2 Power and Energy Management in Microgrid 25
Jayesh J. Joglekar
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Microgrid Structure 26
2.2.1 Selection of Source for DG 27
2.2.1.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 27
2.2.1.2 Mathematical Modeling of PAFC
Fuel Cell 27
2.3 Power Flow Management in Microgrid 31
2.4 Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC) 33
2.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of GUPFC 34
2.5 Active GUPFC 38
2.5.1 Active GUPFC Control System 39
2.5.1.1 Series Converter 40
2.5.1.2 Shunt Converter 42
2.5.2 Simulation of Active GUPFC With General
Test System 43
2.5.3 Simulation of Active GUPFC With IEEE 9 Bus
Test System 43
2.5.3.1 Test Case: 1—Without GUPFC
and Without Fuel Cell 45
2.5.3.2 Test Case: 2—Without GUPFC
and With Fuel Cell 47
2.5.3.3 Test Case: 3—With GUPFC
and Without Fuel Cell 48
2.5.3.4 Test Case: 4—With GUPFC
and With Fuel Cell 49
2.5.3.5 Test Case: 5—With Active GUPFC 49
2.5.4 Summary 52
2.6 Appendix General Test System 53
2.6.1 IEEE 9 Bus Test System 53
References 55
3 Review of Energy Storage System for Microgrid 57
G.V. Brahmendra Kumar and K. Palanisamy
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 Detailed View of ESS 60
3.2.1 Configuration of ESS 60
Contents vii
3.2.2 Structure of ESS With Other Devices 60
3.2.3 ESS Classifications 62
3.3 Types of ESS 62
3.3.1 Mechanical ESS 62
3.3.2 Flywheel ESS 63
3.3.3 CAES System 64
3.3.4 PHS System 65
3.3.5 CES Systems 66
3.3.6 Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES) 67
3.3.7 Battery-Based ESS 68
3.3.8 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) System 71
3.3.8.1 Capacitors 71
3.3.8.2 Supercapacitors (SCs) 72
3.3.9 SMES 73
3.3.10 Thermal Energy Storage Systems (TESS) 74
3.3.10.1 SHS 75
3.3.10.2 Latent 75
3.3.10.3 Absorption 75
3.3.10.4 Hybrid ESS 76
3.4 Comparison of Current ESS on Large Scale 77
3.5 Importance of Storage in Modern Power Systems 77
3.5.1 Generation Balance and Fluctuation in Demand 77
3.5.2 Intermediate Penetration of Renewable Energy 77
3.5.3 Use of the Grid 80
3.5.4 Operations on the Market 80
3.5.5 Flexibility in Scheduling 80
3.5.6 Peak Shaving Support 80
3.5.7 Improve the Quality of Power 81
3.5.8 Carbon Emission Control 81
3.5.9 Improvement of Service Efficiency 81
3.5.10 Emergency Assistance and Support
for Black Start 81
3.6 ESS Issues and Challenges 81
3.6.1 Selection of Materials 82
3.6.2 ESS Size and Cost 82
3.6.3 Energy Management System 83
3.6.4 Impact on the Environment 83
3.6.5 Issues of Safety 83
3.7 Conclusion 84
Acknowledgment 85
References 85
viii Contents
4 Single Phase Inverter Fuzzy Logic Phase Locked Loop 91
Maxwell Sibanyoni, S.P. Daniel Chowdhury and L.J. Ngoma
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 PLL Synchronization Techniques 92
4.2.1 T/4 Transport Delay PLL 95
4.2.2 Inverse Park Transform PLL 96
4.2.3 Enhanced PLL 97
4.2.4 Second Order Generalized Integrator
Orthogonal Signal Generator Synchronous
Reference Frame (SOGI-OSG SRF) PLL 98
4.2.5 Cascaded Generalized Integrator PLL
(CGI-PLL) 99
4.2.6 Cascaded Delayed Signal Cancellation PLL 100
4.3 Fuzzy Logic Control 101
4.4 Fuzzy Logic PLL Model 103
4.4.1 Fuzzification 103
4.4.2 Inference Engine 105
4.4.3 Defuzzification 108
4.5 Simulation and Analysis of Results 110
4.5.1 Test Signal Generator 110
4.5.2 Proposed SOGI FLC PLL Performance
Under Fault Conditions 113
4.5.2.1 Test Case 1 113
4.5.2.2 Test Case 2 114
4.5.2.3 Test Case 3 115
4.5.2.4 Test Case 4 115
4.5.2.5 Test Case 5 116
4.5.2.6 Test Case 6 117
4.6 Conclusion 118
Acknowledgment 118
References 119
5 Power Electronics Interfaces in Microgrid Applications 121
Indrajit Sarkar
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Microgrid Classification 122
5.2.1 AC Microgrid 122
5.2.2 DC Microgrids 124
5.2.3 Hybrid Microgrid 126
5.3 Role of Power Electronics in Microgrid Application 127