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Microencapsulation in the Food Industry A Practical Implementation Guide Thispageintentionallyleftblank Microencapsulation in the Food Industry A Practical Implementation Guide Second Edition Edited by Robert Sobel FONA International, LLC, Geneva, Illinois, USA AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. 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Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationof anymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-821683-5 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiP.Levy AcquisitionsEditor:NinaBandeira EditorialProjectManager:LindsayC.Lawrence ProductionProjectManager:BharatwajVaratharajan CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Dedication Dedicated with love to our parents, wives, and children Thispageintentionallyleftblank Contents Listofcontributors xvii References 27 Abouttheeditor xix Furtherreading 27 Foreword xxi Preface xxiii 3. Factors and mechanisms in microencapsulation 29 1. Introduction to microencapsulation and controlled delivery in foods 1 NirajVasisht RobertSobel,RonaldVersicand 3.1 Introduction 29 AnilkumarG.Gaonkar 3.2 Structuraldesignofthemicrocapsule 29 3.3 Microcapsuleormicrospheretype 29 1.1 Introduction 1 3.4 Microcapsulesize,shape,andpayload 30 1.2 Microencapsulationdefined 1 3.5 Physicochemicalfactors 31 1.3 Reasonsformicroencapsulation 1 3.5.1 Molecularweightofthe 1.4 Typesofmicrocapsules 2 activeagent 32 1.5 Historicalaccountofmicroencapsulation 3 3.5.2 Functionalmoietyandsurface 1.6 Materialsusedformicroencapsulation charge 32 purposes 5 3.5.3 Concentration 32 1.7 Microencapsulationtechniquesused 3.5.4 Solubility 32 withinthefoodindustry 6 3.5.5 Wettability 32 1.8 Trendsinmicroencapsulation 6 3.5.6 Temperature 33 1.9 Challengesinmicroencapsulationoffood 3.5.7 Processfactors 33 ingredients 7 3.6 Mechanismofdiffusion 33 1.10 Thefutureofmicroencapsulationoffood 3.6.1 Zero-orderorpseudo-zero-order ingredients 8 diffusionmodel 34 References 8 3.6.2 Fickiandiffusionmodel 35 3.6.3 First-orderdiffusionmodel 35 2. Review of microencapsulation 3.6.4 Higuchi’sdiffusionmodel 36 patent landscape for the food and 3.6.5 CaseIIdiffusion 36 3.6.6 Osmosis 36 beverage industries 11 3.7 Conclusion 37 RobertSobel,HaydenMuntandNikhilGupta References 38 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Innovationtrend 11 4. Applications of mass and heat transfer 2.3 Microencapsulationtechnology-type in microencapsulation processes 39 advancement 15 NirajVasisht 2.4 Jurisdictionanalysis 18 2.5 Wordcloudanalysis 19 4.1 Introduction 39 2.6 Mainindustrialandacademicplayers 20 4.2 Mechanismofdiffusion 40 2.7 Largestinventionfamilies 22 4.3 Zero-orderorpseudo-zero-order 2.8 Topmarket-valuedpatents 22 diffusionmodel 40 2.9 Keypatentmatters 24 4.4 Fickiandiffusionmodel 41 2.10 Licensing 26 4.4.1 Masstransferinamicrosphere 2.11 Conclusion 27 morphology 42 vii viii Contents 4.4.2 Unsteady-statediffusionfroma 7.2 Technologies 73 microsphere 43 7.3 Computationaloptimization 73 4.4.3 Masstransferinamicrocapsule 7.4 Analyzingthedryingprocessofadroplet 74 morphology 43 7.5 Dryingkineticsasinputforcomputational 4.4.4 Analogytoheattransfer 45 fluiddynamics 76 4.5 First-orderdiffusionmodel 46 7.5.1 Spraydryingequipmentand 4.6 Conclusion 46 controls 76 References 46 7.5.2 Temperaturecontrol 76 7.5.3 Flexiblespraydrying,agglomeration, 5. Overview of microencapsulation andgranulates 76 process technologies 47 7.5.4 Cleaning-in-place 77 7.5.5 Sanitarybagfilters 77 JamesOxley 7.5.6 Processcontrols 79 5.1 Introduction 47 7.5.7 Processmonitoring 79 5.2 Processcomponents 47 7.6 Conclusion 80 5.3 Processes 48 References 80 5.3.1 Atomization 49 5.3.2 Spraycoating 49 8. Fluid bed coating-based 5.3.3 Coextrusion 49 microencapsulation 83 5.3.4 Emulsionbasedprocess 50 5.3.5 Other 50 CharlesFrey 5.4 Comparisons 51 Abbreviations 83 5.4.1 Size 51 8.1 Introduction 84 5.4.2 Morphology 51 8.2 Wurster(bottomspray) 85 5.4.3 Payload 53 8.2.1 Design 85 5.4.4 Materials 54 8.2.2 Wursterprocesscontrolparameters 90 5.4.5 Productionscale 55 8.2.3 Particlesize 104 5.4.6 Cost 55 8.3 Topspray 106 5.5 Emergingprocessesandtrends 56 8.4 Tangentialspray 107 5.6 Processselection 56 8.5 Corematerials 109 References 57 8.6 Coatingmaterials 110 8.7 Applications 110 6. Atomization and spray drying 8.7.1 Uniformity 111 processes 59 8.7.2 Protection 111 JosephP.SzczapandIrwinC.Jacobs 8.7.3 Handling 111 8.7.4 Granulation 112 6.1 Introduction 59 8.7.5 Controlledrelease 112 6.2 Atomization 61 8.8 Cost 113 6.3 Dryingconfigurations 66 8.9 Conclusion 113 6.3.1 Masstransferandheattransfer References 113 considerations 69 6.4 Operationalpractice 70 9. Extrusion-based 6.5 Feedpreparation 70 6.6 Recentadvancesinatomizationand microencapsulation for the food spray-dryingprocesses 71 industry 117 6.7 Conclusion 71 JenniHarrington,MartinSchaeferandTonyListro References 71 9.1 Introduction 117 7. New advances in spray-drying 9.2 Mixing 119 processes 73 9.3 Propertiesandcharacterizationof amorphoussolids 119 KarinNordstro¨mDyvelkov,JakobSloth 9.4 Evolutionofextrusiontechnology 120 OvergaardandSørenJuhlPedersen 9.5 Conclusion 122 7.1 Introduction 73 References 122 Contents ix 10. Spheronization, granulation, 12. Monodispersed microencapsulation pelletization, and agglomeration technologies 155 processes 123 NathanH.Dormer,CoryJ.Berklandand MichaelJacob MilindSingh 10.1 Introduction 123 12.1 Introduction 155 10.2 Basicequipment 125 12.2 Monodisperseparticlefabrication 10.3 Batchfluidizedbedsfordrying, technologies 155 agglomeration,andcoating 126 12.2.1 Microfluidics 155 10.4 Continuousfluidizedbedsfordrying, 12.2.2 Electrohydrodynamic agglomeration,spraygranulation,and spraying 157 coating 127 12.2.3 Jetcutting 159 10.5 Procelltypeofcontinuousspouted 12.2.4 Rotarydiskatomization 159 bedsfordrying,agglomeration, 12.2.5 Vibratoryprocess 161 spraygranulation,andcoating 129 12.2.6 Flowfocusing 162 10.6 Technicaloptionsforpelletization 130 12.2.7 Vibratoryprocesscombined 10.7 Technicaloptionsforhigh-shear withacarrierstream 163 granulation 131 12.3 Conclusion 165 10.8 Technicaloptionsforextrusion 132 References 165 10.9 Applicationcasestudies 132 10.10 Formulationofenzymes 132 13. Microencapsulation by complex 10.11 Formulationofvitamins 134 coacervation processes 169 10.12 Encapsulationofvolatile ingredients 135 XiangRen,YanjunLiu,WenzhongWuand 10.13 Conclusion 135 WeiZhang References 136 13.1 Introduction 169 13.2 Historicaltheoriesandrecent 11. Annular nozzle in laminar flow developments 170 encapsulation processes 137 13.3 Selectionofshellwallmaterial 171 13.3.1 Proteins 172 ThorstenBrandau 13.3.2 Polysaccharides 173 11.1 Introduction 137 13.4 Coacervationencapsulation 11.2 Processtechnologies 138 process 175 11.2.1 Laminarflowbreakup 138 13.5 Parametersincoacervation 176 11.2.2 Vibrationaldripcasting 139 13.5.1 Materialproperties 176 11.2.3 Submergednozzle 141 13.5.2 pH 177 11.2.4 Flowfocusing 142 13.5.3 Ionicstrength 177 11.2.5 Centrifugalextrusionand 13.5.4 Temperature 178 spinningdisk 143 13.5.5 Mixingratio 178 11.2.6 Generalprinciple 143 13.5.6 Totalpolymerconcentration 178 11.3 Equipment 144 13.5.7 Shearstrengthandrheology 179 11.3.1 Niscoengineering 144 13.5.8 Chargedensity 179 11.3.2 Buchi 145 13.6 Characterizationofcoacervate 11.3.3 BRACE 148 microcapsules 180 11.3.4 FreundCorporation 149 13.6.1 Structureandmorphology 180 11.3.5 Otherannularjetsystems 149 13.6.2 Rheologicalproperties 182 11.4 Materials 149 13.6.3 Sizeandsizedistributionof 11.4.1 Encapsulationofhydrophobic microcapsules 182 materials 150 13.6.4 Encapsulationefficiency 182 11.4.2 Encapsulationofhydrophilic 13.7 Applications 183 agents 152 13.7.1 Stability 183 11.5 Conclusion 153 13.7.2 Controlledrelease 183 References 154 13.7.3 Bioavailability 184