Microelectronics: From Fundamentals to Applied Design

118 Pages·2016·3.82 MB·English

by  Maurizio Di Paolo Emilio (auth.)

Maurizio Di Paolo Emilio
Microelectronics
From Fundamentals to Applied Design
Microelectronics

Maurizio Di Paolo Emilio
Microelectronics
From Fundamentals to Applied Design
123
MaurizioDiPaoloEmilio
EDMEngineering
Pescara,Italy
ISBN978-3-319-22544-9 ISBN978-3-319-22545-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22545-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015945653
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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ToJulia,Elisa,andFederico

Imagination ismoreimportantthan
knowledge[A.Einstein].
Whenwirelessisperfectlyapplied,thewhole
earthwillbeconvertedintoahugebrain,
capableofresponseineveryoneofitsparts
[N.Tesla].

Preface
Microelectronicsisrelatedtothestudyandmanufactureoftinyelectronicdesigns
and components. These devices are typically made from semiconductor materials
andnamedintegratedcircuits.Anintegratedcircuitormonolithicintegratedcircuit
is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate of semiconductor material,
normallysilicon.Thiscanbemademuchsmallerthanadiscretecircuitmadefrom
independent components. ICs can be made very compact, and have up to several
billiontransistorsandotherelectroniccomponentsinanareathesizeofafingernail.
Microelectronics such as microprocessors and microcomputers are capable of
performing complex data processing tasks. To be able to take advantage in the
microelectronic technology, there will always be a need for suitably qualified
engineerswithexperienceandknow-howofthelatesttechnologicaldevelopments
andthetoolstosupportthem.
Moreover,atypicalPCBcontainsalargenumberofelectroniccomponents,most
of which are tiny in size. Without it, it would be nearly impossible to connect all
componentstogetherwithwires.APCBprovidesaconvenientplatformtoarrange
theelectroniccomponentsinacompactandefficientway.Thiscompactnessallows
the deep development and complicated electronic circuits in small form factors,
takinglessspaceindevices.
The electronics was founded in 1907 with the invention of the triode, the first
vacuum tube, which can amplify an electrical signal. For the first few decades of
life, the essential function of the valves was the amplification of signals, allowing
the development of wireless telegraphy, radio, amplifier, and television. During
World War II, the range of applications of the valves is extended to the radar,
control systems, and electronic calculation, culminating in Colossus (1944), the
electronic calculator, which was developed by British scientists and specialized to
decode secret messages between Hitler and his high command. In these systems,
the valve was used as a switch, instead of amplifier, working on binary signals,
by providing a much faster to electromechanical relays. The search to replace the
valvewithasmallerdevice,lessexpensiveandmoreenergyefficient,whichbegan
in 1930, finally led to the invention of the transistor in 1947 by three scientists at
Bell Labs. Thus, microelectronics was born. For the first 10 years, the transistors
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