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Microbial Systematics Biomolecules and Natural Macromolecules Applications Editor Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad Assistant Professor of Microbiology Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology Yenepoya Research Centre Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) Mangalore, Karnataka India p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Cover credit: The image used on the cover is prepared by the editor, Dr. Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad. First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2023 Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data (applied for) ISBN: 978-1-032-30983-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-31025-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-30767-9 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003307679 Typeset in Palatino by Radiant Productions Preface Microbial Systematics is the science of the characterization, classification, and nomenclature of Prokaryotes. When studying microorganisms, the most important factor is a characteristic of microbial species that distinguishes them from others or makes them similar to each other. This provides a thorough understanding of their origins and products that benefit humanity. Nowadays, the world is getting more familiar with products from microbial sources from extreme environments (hot springs, hydrothermal vents, volcanoes, marine water, coastal soil, salterns, mangroves, cold-environments (glaciers, Antarctica, Arctic), ionised places, etc.). Species isolated from these habitats are always diverse, which indicates biomolecules secreted by these species might have importance. A cure for disease is a desire considering the catastrophic situations that threaten the lives of humans and animals. Microbial Systematics has always been understood as basic science by the world. Indeed, it is not! Microbial Systematics is an advanced science that uses characteristics of microorganisms to explore further applications and uses of the microbial world for the benefit of mankind. August 2022 Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad Contents Preface iii 1. Current Scenario of Application of Anti-infective 1 Compounds from Microbial Origin Perspective Sanjana N.S., Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad, Punchappady Devasya Rekha, Arun A. Bhagwath and Mangesh Vasant Suryavanshi 2. Potential Biomolecules of Microbial Origin Against 14 Infectious Diseases Homem N.C., Paixão R.M., Miranda C.S., Antunes J.C., Amorim M.T.P. and Felgueiras H.P. 3. Biomolecules and Natural Macromolecules Against 43 Tuberculosis Awalagaway Dhulappa, Shuang Wang and Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao 4. Biomolecules for Treatment of Communicable Diseases 56 Chamma Gupta, Abhishek Byahut, Karma G. Dolma and Mingma L. Sherpa 5. Marine Organisms-Derived Bioactive Molecules for 74 Infectious Disease Treatment: Challenges and Future Prospect Abhay B. Fulke, Atul Kotian, Santosh K. Gothwal, Parth Sharma and Manisha D. Giripunje 6. Plant-Derived Microbial Bio-Similar for the Treatment of 86 Tuberculosis Rachana Khati, Alok K. Paul, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Veeranoot Nissapatorn and Karma G. Dolma 7. Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides on Bacteria and Viruses 112 Tânia D. Tavares, Marta O. Teixeira, Marta A. Teixeira, Joana C. Antunes and Helena P. Felgueiras vi Microbial Systematics: Biomolecules and Natural Macromolecules Applications 8. Therapeutic Applications of Cyclodextrins Against 154 Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniasis Zeinab Dirany, Rima El‑Dirany, Gustavo González‑Gaitano and Paul A. Nguewa 9. Biosensors as a Diagnostic Tool for Analysis and Clinical 178 Determination of Biomolecules Asmaa Missoum 10. Future Challenges in the Use of Biomolecules: 204 Microbial and Natural Origin Bidita Khandelwal, Arundhati Bag, Chamma Gupta and Abhishek Byahut Index 223 C 1 hapter Current Scenario of Application of Anti-infective Compounds from Microbial Origin Perspective Sanjana N.S.,1 Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad,1,* Punchappady Devasya Rekha,1 Arun A. Bhagwath1,2,3 and Mangesh Vasant Suryavanshi4 Introduction Natural and microbial sources of anti-infective/bioactive compounds from marine bacteria have been frequently reported as the best sources to treat bacterial (Liu et al. 2019), fungal (Lockhart et al. 2019), parasitic (Dixon et al. 2021) and viral (Tompa et al. 2021) infections and have acted as a lead compound for developing a new cure for communicable diseases, viz. gonorrhoea (Unemo et al. 2014), typhoid (Masuet-Aumatell et al. 2020), cholera (Pal et al. 2021) viral, dengue (Soo et al. 2016), and rhinovirus (Atkinson et al. 2016). There is a huge pool of bioactive compounds available for the treatment of the above microbial infections. Despite 1 Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, KN, India. 2 Yenepoya Institute of Arts, Science, Commerce and Management, Mangalore 575002, KN, India. 3 Dean, Faculty of Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, KN, India. 4 Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9620 Carnegie Ave N Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106, U.S. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Microbial Systematics: Biomolecules and Natural Macromolecules Applications some of them being used as medications to treat human infections for decades, there is an untapped pool of potential biomolecules with varied structural and functional antibacterial properties that needs attention. The development of low-cost and convenient model organisms, cutting- edge molecular biology, omics technology, and machine learning is aiding the bioprospecting of new antimicrobial medications and the discovery of new therapeutic targets (Amaning Danquah et al. 2022). Microbial and natural marine products offer a wide range of chemical structures and functionalities that give microorganisms a competitive advantage and can be also used in biotechnology. Many secondary metabolites are natural compounds encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which comprise a collection of unique genes. Anti-microbial Resistance: Origins, Evolution, Resistance to Antibiotics and Bioactive Compounds Whichever microorganisms start tolerance, it resists the further effect of the therapeutic agent at a particular concentration and the compromise response of antibiotic from time to time, which is generally termed as acquired anti-microbial resistance. This is proven in the case of therapeutic agents becoming ineffective during the treatment of bacteria, fungi, parasites and virus infections. Any inappropriate use of this wide range of biochemical may be responsible for acquired resistance, and the complex processes of transfer resistance in other microorganisms cannot be stopped in a given time. Hence, either the lack of knowledge or no further options available are some of the primary reasons for ineffective prevention and control of resistance development. The majority of international, national, and local institutions have recognized these critical issues. Antibiotic resistance has been the subject of countless resolutions and recommendations as well as numerous regenerated reports, but this has been of no advantage since the spread of antibiotic resistance is unstoppable. Publication of antibiotic discoveries, suggestions on modes of action of antibiotics, and well-deduced mechanisms of resistance have been in the limelight and even been subjects of much interest in academia and until recently in the pharmaceutical sector. The history of antibiotics discovery and mode of action have provided important information about the effect of biochemical ligands and targets and have guided about further use of antibiotics with the emergence of phenotypic mutants (Davies and Davies 2010). Mechanisms and pathways involved in antibiotic resistance in bacteria have been explained in the lean antibiotics research, which has been active in years from 1960 to 2015. Most of these discussions were concluded by existing acquired resistance in bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Microbial Anti-Infective Bioactives 3 Figure 1. 100 years of antibiotic discovery vs. antibiotic resistance acquired by bacteria. Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, members of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., Providencia spp., Morganella spp. (Critical priority), Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter, Salmonella spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae (High priority), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Shigella spp. (Medium priority) listed by WHO (Asokan et al. 2019). Overlooked discussions of antibiotics discoveries were stumbled upon after the discovery of teixobactin (Ling et al. 2015). Considering the spread and continuous transmission of antibiotic resistance threat to public health, combative policy should be implemented for a comprehensive and multipronged response. Unfortunately, in a time of colossal need, we have no antibiotic in the pipeline. This is not a gradual process but more a man- made predicament overlaid on nature; there will be no clearer example for this acquired resistance other than the Darwinian theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest (Davies and Davies 2010). Perhaps, we have established assays and protocols for instigations of hundreds of secondary metabolites against different types of pathogens. Several phytochemicals are known to have the ability to cause microbial cell death or growth inhibition in vivo while without impacting beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal system. The phytochemicals were discovered to be effective against a wide range of microbes when used in combination or conjunction with conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, secondary metabolites have been discovered to function synergistically and improve the action of less effective antibiotics against a variety of infections, including MDRs. Because this component has received little attention, it is proposed that all probable effects of secondary metabolites- drug interactions be determined. Finally, the research implies that using