Microbes at Work: From Wastes to Resources PDF
Preview Microbes at Work: From Wastes to Resources
Microbes at Work Heribert Insam Ingrid Franke-Whittle l l Marta Goberna Editors Microbes at Work From Wastes to Resources Editors Prof.Dr.HeribertInsam Dr.IngridFranke-Whittle Universita¨tInnsbruck Universita¨tInnsbruck Inst.Mikrobiologie Inst.Mikrobiologie Technikerstr.25 Technikerstr.25 6020Innsbruck 6020Innsbruck Austria Austria [email protected] [email protected] Dr.MartaGoberna Universita¨tInnsbruck Inst.Mikrobiologie Technikerstr.25 6020Innsbruck Austria [email protected] ISBN:978-3-642-04042-9 e-ISBN:978-3-642-04043-6 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-04043-6 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009938021 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotec- tivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg,Germany printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Variousapproachestoenvironmentallysoundwaste-treatmentprocesseshavebeen designedanddevelopedinrecentyears.Biologicaltreatmentsarethebestalterna- tive to the disposal of the putrescent fraction of separately collected biowaste, as thesetechnologiesmaximizerecyclingandrecoveryofthewastecomponents. Composting, the biological degradation of organic wastes to humus, saves naturalresources,andtheapplicationofcompostsmayenhancetheorganiccarbon status in soil, thereby contributing to a decrease in atmospheric CO . The use of 2 compost is also known to exert positive effects on the physical properties of soil, suchasincreasingthesoilporosity,enhancingmicrobialactivitiesandtheabilityto suppressplantdiseases,andthereforereducingtheneedforpesticides. Anaerobic digestion is the biological process for the decomposition of organic wasteintheabsenceofoxygen.Thisprocessconvertstheorganicpartofthewaste into stable substances through a number of complex bacterial reactions and pro- duces biogas, an important asset in times of decreasing fossil fuel supplies and concernsaboutrisesingreenhousegases,aswellasananaerobicsludgethatcanbe used as a fertilizer and for soil conditioning. Anaerobic digestion is increasingly replacingaerobicdegradationasatreatmentprocess,sincetheadditionalbenefitof gainingrenewableenergyisconsideredmoreandmoreimportant. Microorganismsplayakeyroleinbothaerobicandanaerobicdigestionprocess- es of organic wastes. Until the last decade, there had been only limited research concerning the structural and functional diversity of the microbial communities involved in these digestion processes. The development of molecular tools has however allowed more detailed investigations into the microbial communities responsiblefortheconversionofthewastestoresources,allowingabetterunder- standingofthedynamicsofthemicrobialplayersinvolved. ‘Microbesatwork:Fromwastestoresources’comprises16chaptersthatdiscuss variousaspectsofdigestionprocesses.Inthefirstchapters,contributionsfocuson thecommunitiesofmicroorganismsinvolvedindifferenttypesofwastetreatment, including composting, vermicomposting, and anaerobic digestion. The chapters that follow discuss the presence of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ microorganisms in the final v vi Preface product. The chapters occurring towards the end of the book present application- basedstudiesorinvestigatetheeffectsofapplicationofatreatedwasteonthesoil microbialcommunity.Hopefully,thereaderwillbeadequatelyinformedaboutthe state-of-the-artofbiologicalwastetreatment,and,withthehelpofthefinalchapter, willlearntobetterexploitmicrobialmetabolicpathways. The editors acknowledge the assistance of the many reviewers in editing the different book chapters and thank Springer Verlag for the excellent co-operation duringtheproductionofthebook. Innsbruck HeribertInsam September2009 MartaGoberna IngridFranke-Whittle Contents 1 MicrobesinAerobicandAnaerobicWasteTreatment ................ 1 HeribertInsam,IngridFranke-Whittle,andMartaGoberna 2 RecentDevelopmentsinBio-EnergyRecoveryThrough Fermentation ............................................................. 35 R.Braun,B.Drosg,G.Bochmann,S.Weiß,andR.Kirchmayr 3 SyntrophicCommunitiesinMethaneFormationfromHigh StrengthWastewaters ................................................... 59 CarolineM.Plugge,JulesB.vanLier,andAlfonsJ.M.Stams 4 BiogasTechnology–ControlledGasFlowforEnhancedMixing, Heating,andDesulfurization ........................................... 79 BernhardWettandHeribertInsam 5 Vermicomposting:EarthwormsEnhancetheWorkofMicrobes ... 93 JorgeDom´ınguez,ManuelAira,andMar´ıaGo´mez-Brando´n 6 CompostMicrobialActivityRelatedtoCompostStability .......... 115 AnCeustermans,JozefCoosemans,andJaakRyckeboer 7 UtilityofMolecularToolsinMonitoringLargeScale Composting .............................................................. 135 JenniHultman,JukkaKurola,AijaRainisalo,MerjaKontro, andMartinRomantschuk 8 ProductionandUtilizationofSuppressiveCompost: Environmental,FoodandHealthBenefits ............................ 153 MarcodeBertoldi vii viii Contents 9 SanitationbyComposting .............................................. 171 Bjo¨rnVinnera˚s,F.Agostini,andHakanJo¨nsson 10 MicrobialAntagonistsinAnimalHealthPromotion andPlantProtection .................................................... 193 VivianaKlose,MarkusNeureiter,MichaelaMohnl, HerbertDanner,andChristinaDonat 11 InteractionsBetweenBeneficialandHarmfulMicroorganisms: FromtheCompostingProcesstoCompostApplication ............. 213 JacquesG.Fuchs 12 CompostMicrobialPopulationsandInteractionswithPlants ...... 231 DrorMinz,StefanJ.Green,MayaOfek,andYitzhakHadar 13 SoilDegradationandRehabilitation:Microorganismsand Functionality ............................................................ 253 F.Bastida,T.Herna´ndez,andC.Garc´ıa 14 DoCompostsAffecttheSoilMicrobialCommunity? ................ 271 BrigitteA.Knapp,MargaritaRos,andHeribertInsam 15 ProductionandApplicationofBioorganicFertilizersforOrganic FarmingSystemsinThailand:ACaseStudy ......................... 293 N.Teaumroong,C.Wanapu,Y.Chankum,W.Arjharn,S.Sang-Arthit, K.Teaimthaisong,andN.Boonkerd 16 Challenges,OptionsandFutureResearchNeeds .................... 313 JuanLuisTurrion-GomezandBlancaAntizar-Ladislao Index .......................................................................... 323 Chapter 1 Microbes in Aerobic and Anaerobic Waste Treatment HeribertInsam,IngridFranke-Whittle,andMartaGoberna Abstract Thischaptergivesanoverviewofthematerialsandchemicalcompounds that are the subject of microbial degradation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Bacteria,fungi,andarchaeathatareresponsiblefordegradationorfor specific phases of a degradation process are indicated. Special attention is given to two major processes of organic waste recycling involving microorganisms – compostingandanaerobicdigestionforbiogasproduction.Theuseofclassicaland noveltoolsforinvestigatingtheinvolvedmicrobiotaisdiscussed.Also,aspectsof nutrient and greenhouse gas balances are addressed. The chapter concludes by emphasizing that with microbial action, an environmentally sound recycling of organicresiduesispossible,andthatthisshouldbeencouragedbywastemanage- mentpolicies. Contents 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 2 1.2 TheSubstrates ............................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Lignin ..............................................................................2 1.2.2 Cellulose ...........................................................................3 1.2.3 Hemicelluloses(Xylan,Pectin,Starch) ............................................3 1.2.4 MicrobialCellWallComponents:MureinandChitin .............................4 1.3 AerobicorAnaerobicDegradation:Four-PhaseMicrobiallyDrivenProcesses .......... 4 1.3.1 Composting ........................................................................4 1.3.2 AnaerobicDigestion ...............................................................8 1.4 ApplicationofMolecularToolsforStudying MicrobialCommunityDiversityinCompostsandAnaerobicSludges .................. 16 1.5 CarbonandNutrientBalance ............................................................ 23 1.6 Conclusions .............................................................................. 24 References ......................................................................................24 H.Insam(*),I.Franke-Whittle,andM.Goberna Universita¨tInnsbruck,Institutfu¨rMikrobiologie,Technikerstrasse25d,6020Innsbruck,Austria e-mail:[email protected];[email protected];[email protected] H.Insametal.(eds.),MicrobesatWork, 1 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-04043-6_1,#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010 2 H.Insametal. 1.1 Introduction Duringbiodegradation,allorganicmatterpassesthroughthemicrobialdecom- poserpool.Thisisthereasonwhymicroorganismshaveakeyroletoplayinthe recycling of matter, and why we need to facilitate their activity in order to ensure faster and proper work being done. However, very often it is the engi- neers who design the waste treatment facilities who are driven by empirical experience,architecturalconcepts,andpoliticaldecisionsratherthantheneeds ofthemicrobes. Microbiologistsresponsibleforthewell-beingof“theworkers,”i.e.,microbes, in awaste treatment plant would come up with a set of prerequisites that mustbe met for the best possible working conditions. There are essentially two different classesofworkers,thosethatpreferfreshairwithalotofoxygen(thecomposters) andthosethatlikeitoxygen-free(thedigesters).Insomecases,however,weneed bothofthem,andweneedtoofferworkingconditionsthatareacceptableforeach group.Thisstartswiththeappropriatesubstrates. 1.2 The Substrates Essentially,alldegradablesubstratesareeitherofplant,animal,ormicrobialorigin. Generally, plant materials comprise the largest fractions, whereas animal tissues and microbial components are only minor fractions of any mixture. The major naturalcompounds,aswellastheirpotentialdegradability,havebeensummarized byInsamanddeBertoldi(2007). 1.2.1 Lignin Amajorstructuralcomponentofplantsisligninwhichmaycompriseupto30%of wood. While the number of different monomers (derivatives of phenylpropane, mainly coniferyl alcohol) is small, the extraordinary variety of bondings among themmakedegradationadifficulttask.Thus,lignindecompositionisusuallyofthe co-metabolictype,astheenergyyieldfromlignindegradationisnegligible.Lignin isprimarilydegradedbyfungithatareoftenpathogenswhichalsothriveonliving plants. Lignin-degrading fungi are known as white-rot fungi, like Trametes versi- color (Turkey Tail), or Stereum hirsutum (False Turkey Tail). They degrade the ligninandleavebehindthecellulosiccomponents.Somefungi,suchasPleurotus ostreatus,co-degradecelluloseandlignin.
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