Micro irrigation management: technological advances and their applications PDF
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MICRO IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT Technological Advances and Their Applications Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation MICRO IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT Technological Advances and Their Applications Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, Senior Editor-in-Chief Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Waretown, NJ 08758 Canada USA ©2017 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-390-0 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-391-7 (eBook) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re- cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publish- er or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Micro irrigation management : technological advances and their applications / edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, senior editor-in-chief. (Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; volume 5) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-77188-390-0 (hardback).--ISBN 978-1-77188-391-7 (pdf) 1. Microirrigation--Technological innovations. 2. Microirrigation--Management--Techno- logical innovations. I. Goyal, Megh Raj, editor II. Series: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation; v. 5 S619.T74M52 2016 631.5'87 C2016-905462-4 C2016-905463-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Goyal, Megh Raj, editor. Title: Micro irrigation management : technological advances and their applications / editor: Megh R. Goyal. Other titles: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; [v. 5] Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations and chal- lenges in micro irrigation ; [volume 5] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016035506 (print) | LCCN 2016037178 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771883900 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781771883917 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Microirrigation--Technological innovations. | Microirrigation--Design and construction. Classification: LCC S619.T74 M525 2017 (print) | LCC S619.T74 M525 2017 (ebook) | DDC 631.587--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016035506 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that ap- pears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crc- press.com CONTENTS List of Contributors ....................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................ix List of Symbols ..........................................................................................xiii Preface ......................................................................................................xix About Senior Editor-in-Chief ....................................................................xxv Warning/Disclaimer ................................................................................xxvii Book Messages ......................................................................................xxviii List of Other Books on Micro Irrigation by Apple Academic Press Inc. ....xxix PART I: ESTIMATIONS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION .............................1 1. Reference Evapotranspiration Estimations Using the Penman-Monteith Method: Puerto Rico ..................................................3 Eric W. Harmsen and Salvio Torres Justiniano 2. Reference Evapotranspiration: Trends and Identification of Its Meteorological Variables in Arid Climate ....................................23 Subu Monia and Deepak Jhajharia 3. Evapotranspiration of Woody Landscape Plants ..................................41 Richard C. Beeson 4. Evaporation and Seepage Losses from Dug-Out Type Farm Ponds ...............................................................................................77 Yogesh Mahalle PART II: ESTIMATIONS OF SOIL PROPERTIES ...................................115 5. Several Dielectric Mixing Models for Estimating Soil Moisture Content ....................................................................................................117 Eric W. Harmsen, Hamed Parsiani, and Maritza Torres 6. Inverse Procedure for Estimating Vertically Distributed Soil Hydraulic Parameters Using GPR .......................................................135 Eric W. Harmsen and Hamed Parsiani vi Contents PART III: MANAGEMENT OF MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS .......147 7. The Approach for Translating Meteorological Patterns into Infra-Red Signaling for Variable Dispensation in Crop Irrigation Systems ........................................................................149 Kevin Rodríguez 8. Solar Photovoltaic Powered Micro Irrigation System in Aerobic Rice Cultivation ......................................................................................245 M. K. Ghosal 9. Management of Irrigation System: Performance of Egyptian Wheat ......................................................................................279 Hani A. Mansour, Abdelgawad Saad, Ayman A. A. Ibrahim, and Mohamed E. El-Hagarey 10. Maximizing Profits by Using Different Planting Geometry under Micro Irrigation .....................................................................................295 Ajai Singh 11. Design of Lateral Lines ..........................................................................303 Victor A. Gillespie, Allan L. Phillips, and I. Pai Wu PART IV: FIELD EVALUATION OF MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ...............................................................................................323 12. Potential Problems in Drip Irrigation Systems ...................................325 Ashok Mhaske, R. N. Katkar, and R. B. Biniwale 13. Emitters: Pressure and Discharge Relationship ..................................343 Rajesh Gajbhiye, Dnyaneshwar Tathod, and Yogesh Mahatale Appendices ...............................................................................................369 Index .........................................................................................................393 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Richard C. Beeson, PhD Associate Professor (Plant Physiologist) University of Florida, USA, Agricultural, Research and Education Center, Apopka 2725 S. Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703–8504 Phone: (407) 814–6172, Fax: (407) 814–6186; E-mail: [email protected] R. B. Biniwale, PhD Associate Professor, Soil Water Conservation Engineering Agricultural College, Dr.PDKV, Nagpur Mohamed E. El-Hagarey, PhD Researcher, Desert Research Center (DRC), Soil Conservation and Water Resources Department, Irrigation and Drainage Unite, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] Rajesh Gajbhiye, M.Tech. Former Student, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola 444104 (MS), India Manoj K. Ghosal, PhD Professor, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar–751003, Odisha. E-mail: [email protected] Victor A. Gillespie, PhD Retired Professor and Extension Specialist, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Mañoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Mailing address: 3050 Maileway, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Apple Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon – PR – 00677, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Eric W. Harmsen, PhD Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681 USA. Phone: 787 955 5102, E-mail: eric. [email protected], [email protected] Ayman A. A. Ibrahim, PhD Researcher, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), 12311 Dokki, Giza, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] Deepak Jhajharia, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed University under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India), Nirjuli, Itanagar–791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Mobile: +91 9774990242, E-mail: [email protected] R. N. Katkar, PhD Associate Professor, Soil Water Conservation Engineering Agricultural College, Dr.PDKV, Nagpur viii List of Contributors Yogesh Mahalle, M.Tech. Former student at Soil Water Conservation Engineering Agricultural College, Dr.PDKV, Akola; Postal address: A. T. Mahendra Colony, Near Sharda Agency, P.O. VMV Amravati – 444604 (MS), India. E-mail: [email protected]; Mobile: +91 9326279798 or 9420124699 Hani A. Mansour, PhD Researcher, National Research Centre (NRC), Agricultural Division, Water Relations and Field Irrigation Department, El-Buhouth St., El-Dokki, Giza, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] Ashok Mhaske, PhD Associate Professor, Soil Water Conservation Engineering Agricultural College, Dr.PDKV, Nagpur. Mobile: +91 9422767788; E-mail: [email protected] Subu Monia, M. Tech. Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed University Under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India), Nirjuli, Itanagar–791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Mobile: +91 9402495940, E-mail: [email protected] Hamed Parsiani, PhD Professor, Director & PI of NOAA-CREST Center at UPRM, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez (UPRM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, PR 00681– 9000. E-mail: [email protected] Allan L. Phillips, PhD Former Professor and Director, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681 USA. Current Address: 7602 Kilgore Rd, Avoca –MI – 48006. E-mail: [email protected] Kevin Rodriguez, BSc Former Technical Assistant, School of Business and Computer Science, Mailing Address: 49 Alenore Gardens Phase-2, Off De Gannes Street, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago. Mobile: 868–372–3448 / 868– 667–5457 E-mail: [email protected] Abdelgawad Saad, PhD Researcher, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), 12311 Dokki, Giza, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] Ajai Singh, PhD Associate Professor and Head, Centre for Water Engineering and Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi 834205 India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Dnyaneshwar Tathod, PhD Former Student, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola 444104 (MS), India; Now Assistant Professor, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Warwat Road, Jalgaon Jamod, Dist. Buldhana, Maharashtra, India. Mobile: +91 9604818220; E-mail: [email protected] Maritza Torres, MSc Former Student, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, PR 00681–9000, USA Salvio Torres Justiniano, MSc (Agronomy) Former Student, Agroambiental Sciences Department, University of Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayaguez, PR 00681–9000, USA I. Pai Wu, PhD, PE Retired Professor, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Mañoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Mailing address: 3050 Maileway, Honolulu – Hawaii – 96822, USA. Tel. 808–956–8809. E-mail: [email protected] LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ace acre Agri. agriculture Agril. agricultural ANOVA analysis of variance ASAE American Society of Agricultural Engineers ASTT Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago BCR benefit–cost ratio BFID Belle Fourche Irrigation District BGREI bringing green revolution in eastern India BU Brabender unit C.A.E.T. College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology CARDI Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute CEC cation exchange capacity CH4 methane cm centimeter CPE cumulative pan evaporator CPRL Conservation and Production Research Laboratory CV coefficient of variation CVm manufacturer’s coefficient of variation CWSI crop water stress index Dec December Drain. drainage DSR direct seeded rice DU distribution uniformity EC eddy covariance EC electrical conductivity ET evapotranspiration et al. et alidi (and other) ETA actual evapotranspiration
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